APWH 8000 BCE-600 CE

1. APWH 8000 BCE-600 CE Created by: Jenna Jones Supervising Editor: Michael D Geoffrion

2. Nomads: Follow the Food

3. Foraging Societies • Foraging is hunting and gathering • Small groups nomadic groups that follow food • At the mercy of nature • Natural phenomena could endanger entire communities • Few possessions

4. Pastoral Societies • Domestication of animals • Mostly in mountain regions and in areas that could not support crops. • Supplemented with small scale agriculture • Mostly egalitarian • Concept of extended family

5. Pastoral cont. • Social class based on size of herd • Few possessions

6. Settling Down: Neolithic Revolution (Not an actual fight or lunge for power)…

7. Agricultural Societies • Neolithic Revolution=Agricultural revolution • Neolithic revolution when people began congregating and forming small villages • Relied more on environment (soil and water) • More sense of unity with sustained cultural interactions

8. Agricultural Soc. Cont. • Idea of ownership of property • Food surplus=specialization of labor • Irrigation lead to even greater surplus • Civilizations emerge

9. Impact of Agriculture on Environment • Farming villages changed environment by rerouting water, clearing land, and building cities • Land and resources reconfigured to fit needs of growing civilization • Animals used for both food and labor • Metallurgy= reliable tools and weapons • Latter part of Neolithic revolution=Bronze Age

10. The Big, Early Civilizations: The Rivers Deliver

11. Early civilizations • Most ‘great’ civilizations located in river valleys • River gave fresh water, food, and transportation • Civilizations considered large population, with large land, and distinct culture • Many early civilizations were collections of city states

12. Mesopotamia • Means “land between the rivers”- Tigris and Euphrates • Series of ancient civilization is Mesopotamia: Sumer, Babylon, and Persia • Part of Fertile Crescent

13. Sumer: First Major Mesopot. Civilization • Rose in the southern part of Mesopot. • Cuneiform= writing • Used wheel, developed 12 month calendar, math system based on 60 • Polytheistic; each city state worshipped a different god • Built temples called ziggurats for gods

14. Sumer to Babylon • When Sumer declined, city of Akkad rose to power • Akkadians developed first known code of law • Akkad overrun by Babylon • Babylon expanded code of law to Hammurabi’s Code • Babylon fell because of invasions by Kassites and Hittites

15. Cont. • Hittites dominated because they used iron for weapons • Assyrians learned iron metallurgy • Est. capital at Nineveh • Assyrians hated people who they conquered • Sent large groups into exile • Assyrians defeated by Medes and Chaldeans • Nebuchadnezzar king of Chaldeans • Fell to Persia

16. Persia • Persians develop Great Royal Road (1,600 miles from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea

17. Lydians • Concept of using coined money for trade • Led to consistent prices and allowed people to save money

18. Phoenicians • Powerful naval city states on Mediterranean • Simple alphabet using 22 letters

19. Hebrews • Religion: Judaism (first Jews) • Established Israel in Palestine • Frequently invaded, but kept identity • Believed to be God’s chosen people

20. Ancient Egypt • 3 Kingdoms: Old, Middle, and New (height in New) • Before Old kingdom, entire river valley ruled by King Menes • Manage flood waters and irrigation • Pharaohs direct construction of obelisks and pyramids • Hieroglyphics (writing)

21. Egypt • Polytheistic- w/focus on life after death • Mummification (mostly elite) • First female rule: Queen Hatshepsut (during New Kingdom) • Relatively high status of women: could buy and sell property, inherit property, choose to will property, and right to divorce. • Still expected to be obedient to men

22. Egyptian Social Pharaohs Priests Nobles Merchants and artisans PEASANTS & SLAVES

23. Egypt decline • Assyrian and Persia conquered parts of Egypt • Later Greeks and Romans would rule Egypt

24. Indus Valley • Limited contact with other peoples because of landscape • Connection to outside world by Khyber Pass in Hindu Kush Mountains • Along Indus River • 2 Major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (sophisticated)

25. Indus cont. • Indus Valley civilization were polytheistic • Had pottery and cotton farming (made into cloth) • Indus decline: Not known why • Cities abandoned • Believed to have been invaded by Aryans

26. Aryans • Nomadic tribes from north of Caucasus Mtns. • Used horses and advanced weaponry • Est. their religion (Hindu) on Indian subcontinent • Polytheistic • Recorded beliefs in Vedas and Upanishads

27. Aryans • Idea of caste system • 3 classes: warriors, priests, and peasants • Later class of landowners and merchants inserted above peasants • Priests (Brahmans) and warriors would converge into one class • Sub castes added later on • Originally movement between classes was allowed, but became more strict over time

28. China • Shang China in Hwang Ho River Valley (Yellow River Valley) • Trade centered civilization • Powerful military, used chariots • Extremely isolated, thought they were center of civilization • Ethnocentric attitude

29. Shang family • Patriarchal structure • Believed gods controlled all aspects of peoples’ lives • Veneration

30. Zhou Dynasty • Wu Wang established Zhou dynasty • Maintained traditions and customs of Shang • Lasted nearly 900 years • Mandate of Heaven: meaning heaven granted power to Zhou as long as rulers governed justly and wisely

31. Zhou • Feudal system: King as ruler, nobles given power of smaller regions • Nobles became more powerful, and eventually broke off from empire and developed own state • Bureaucracies developed to control government better

32. West Africa: Bantu • Bantu Migrations: farmers in Niger and Benue River Valleys in W. Africa migrated south and east • Spread language and methods of agriculture and metallurgy • Lasted from 1500BC-1300BC • Migration spurred by climatic changes and population pressure from migrants to their area • Jenner-Jeno: first city in sub-Saharan Africa • Decentralized

33. Early Mesoamerica and South Amer. • Olmec: Mexico (1500 to 400 BCE) • Olmec were urban society with surplusses of corn, beans, and squash • Irrigation techniques and infrastructure • Polytheistic, had writing and calendar • Not formed in river valley

34. South America • Chavin: Andes (900 to 200 BCE) • Urban civilization with polytheistic religion • Located on coast (access to seafood) • Used metal tools and weapons • Llamas as beasts of burden

35. Classic Mesoamerican Civilizations • Mayan (300 BCE to 800 CE); southern Mexico to central America • Collection of city states ruled by same king • Developed complex calendar system • Tikal: most important Mayan political center • Nobody know what happened to them • Disease, natural disaster, warfare, etc.

36. Mayan • Divided cosmos to 3 parts: heavens, humans, and underworld • Believed gods created humans out of corn • Mayan warfare to acquire slaves not territory • Slaves=labor • Used ridged field system • Cultivated cotton and maize • Ball courts and pyramids

37. India and China • Alexander the Great conquered Persian empire • Mauryan Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya • Unified smaller kingdoms into one • Highpoint under AshokaMaurya (converted to Buddhism) • Strong trade and military • Later Ashoka preached nonviolence and moderation • Rock and Pillar Edicts- big rocks with rules on them

38. Gupta Dynasty • Mauryan empire declined after Ashoka died • Chadra Gupta II revived the empire • Decentralized and smaller than Mauryan • Referred to as Golden Age • Arts and sciences developed (pi and zero) • Arabic Numerals • Hinduism dominant religion • Caste system (women lost rights) • Collapse after invaded by White Huns

39. Qin Dynasty (China) • Qin was short lived • Developed strong economy based on agriculture • Powerful army with iron weapons • Unified region under single emperor • Great Wall of China • Qin Shihuangdi- dynasty’s first emperor • Recentralized, standardized laws, currencies, and weights, measures, and systems of writing • Belief system of Legalism • Decline after Shihuangdi died

40. Han Dynasty • Enemies: Xiongnu (Huns) invaded China • Leader: Wu Ti (Warrior Emperor) • Enlarged Han empire • Trade thrived on Silk Road and Buddhism diffused • Civil service system- based on Confucius ideas • Used for government positions • Chinese invented paper, sundials, calendars, rudder, and compass • Decline after Wang Mang used Mandate of Heaven to dethrone emperor (est. Xin dynasty)

41. Classical Greece • Made of Polis: city states • Shared common culture and identity • 2 Main Polis: • Athens: political, cultural, and cultural center of Greece • Sparta: agriculture and militaristic • Austere lifestyle and highly disciplined • 3 social groups in each polis • Citizens (adult males), free people (no political rights), noncitizens (slaves)

42. Greece • Athens had first democracy (only adult males participate) • Created by Draco and Solon (aristocrats) • Sparta women had higher status than women in Athens • Greek polytheistic- Gods believed to possess human failings

43. Persian Wars • United all Greece city states against Persia • Victories by Greece at Marathon and Salamis (control Aegean sea) • After war Greece enters era of peace and prosperity called Golden Age of Pericles

44. Golden Age of Pericles • Athens became cultural powerhouse under Pericles • Established democracy for all adult males • Built Parthenon • Delian League: city state alliance against aggression from common enemies • Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle- truth from rational thought • Intro of Greek drama

45. Athens decline • Peloponnesian League: Sparta and other city states allied against Athens • Peloponnesian War: Athens V. Sparta • Athens takes defensive strategy behind city walls • Athens afflicted by plague, killing vast numbers and Pericles • Athens navy lost battle at Syracuse on island of Sicily • Sparta didn’t destroy Athens, later invaded by Macedonians • Macedonians didn’t destroy it, but encouraged Greek culture

46. Macedonians • Alexander the Great conquered Persia and moved to India • Divided realm into 3 Regions • Antigonid (Greece and Macedon) • Ptolemaic (Egypt) • Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia) • Macedon adopted and spread Greek ideas • Hellenism: culture, ideas, and pattern of Greek life • Macedon and empires fell after Alex the Great died

47. Rome • Polytheism with many gods of Greek origin • Social Structure: • Patricians: land owning noble men • Plebeians: All other free men • Slaves • Representative Republic • Made of Senate (patricians) and Assembly (patricians and plebeians) • 2 consuls elected by assembly and given veto power over decisions

48. Rome • Civil laws to protect individual rights • Twelve Tables of Rome • “innocent until proven guilty” • Pater familias- eldest male in the family held power • Roman women could own property • Slaves were 1/3 of population

49. Roman Military • Carthage was Rome’s first enemy (North Africa) • Wars between Carthage and Rome called Punic Wars • First Punic War to gain control of Sicily (Rome won) • Second Punic War Carthage extends to Northern Italy and crosses Alps • Rome expected southern attack • Third Punic War Rome invades and destroys Carthage

50. Roman Decline • Reasons for decline: • Increased displaced urban population • Roman currency devalued (inflation increased) • Political leaders fighting amongst themselves • Senate weakened • Gave way to first triumvate: Pompey, Crassus, and Ceasar