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Citing Sources Pt. II

Citing Sources Pt. II. Finding, Citing, Sourcing. Supporting Your Claims. Toulmin Scheme: Claim: What you’re arguing Grounds: Evidence, support, data Warrant: Link between claim and grounds Backing: Link between warrants and grounds. Toulmin Scheme.

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Citing Sources Pt. II

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  1. Citing Sources Pt. II Finding, Citing, Sourcing

  2. Supporting Your Claims • Toulmin Scheme: • Claim: What you’re arguing • Grounds: Evidence, support, data • Warrant: Link between claim and grounds • Backing: Link between warrants and grounds

  3. Toulmin Scheme • Claim: Every home needs a smoke detector. • Grounds: Last year, fires destroyed six homes in St. Cloud, causing $234,000 in damages and killing four people (Smith 4A). • Warrant: Having a smoke detector will save you and your home in case of fire. • Backing: Smoke detectors are designed to sound a loud alarm in the presence of smoke.

  4. Questions to Ask • What exactly is my claim? • Why should people agree with this claim? (evidence) • How can I show that the evidence really does support my claim? (warrants) • What evidence do I have that these warrants are true? (backing)

  5. Claims • The plays generally attributed to Shakespeare were actually written by more than one person. • Allowing prayer in schools improves the students’ grades. • Creatinesupplements have been shown to cause many health issues.

  6. When to Cite Sources • You are supporting a claim with specific evidence (statistics, expert opinion, etc.) • You borrow material from another source. • You cite specific details or facts in a paper that your audience wouldn’t expect you to know.

  7. Specific Evidence • 50% of the 424 participants taking Vitamin D supplements were cured of cancer after two weeks (Johnson 42). • The noted linguist Karl Gustav claims that Shakespeare’s plays were written by at least three different people (Gustav 12). • A massive study conducted at the Smith Institute showed that creatine is linked to kidney disease (Gomer and Jones 95).

  8. Borrowed Material • According to Smith, Shakespeare’s play Macbeth contains words and structures not found in any of his other plays (24). • A comma splice is “an error in which two independent clauses are joined with a comma but no conjunction” (Jones 7).

  9. Specific Facts • Hillary Clinton lived for six years in New York City before moving to Rhode Island, where she lived for only two months. • There are 242 different creatine supplements currently on the market. • Last year, Microsoft Office sold over 4.2 million copies.

  10. When is citing unnecessary? • Don’t cite if no one is likely to disagree or dispute your statement: • George Washington was the first president. • Abraham Lincoln was president during the Civil War. • Ford Motor Company is one of America’s oldest car manufacturers. • Michael Jackson has sold millions of records.

  11. Cite or Not? • Last year, Ford Motor Company’s sales fell 4.2%. • The company’s sales have risen and fallen over the years. • John Deere makes a variety of lawn equipment. • There are Wal-Mart stores in almost every town in America. • There are 42,204 Wal-Mart stores in the U.S.

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