Suitability Analysis of Last Mile Connectivity Protocols for Smart Metering

1. Suitability Analysis of Last Mile Connectivity Protocols for Smart Metering Presented by: Radheshyam Patil Abhijeet Shinde November 16, 2014 TCS Public

2. Agenda • Smart Grid • Smart Metering • Various Approaches for Smart Metering Connectivity • Last Mile Connectivity • Indian Scenario • Important Aspects for Last Mile Connectivity • Popular Contenders • Protocol Evaluations • Protocol Evaluation Conclusion • TCS in Smart Metering • References

3. Smart Grid: Multiple Use Cases Demand Response AMI Renewable Integration SMART GRID Field Data Applications Distribution Automation Outage Management Power Quality and Planning PHEV Management Distributed Intelligence, Automated Controls, Secure Communications Image Courtesy – Smart Grid Research Consortium and Tropos N/Ws

4. SmartGrid = Network of Networks Distribution Area Network Neighborhood Area Network HAN Core Network AMI Network Distribution Area Network Utility Core Systems Demand Response Mobile Applications PHEV Station Outage Management Power Quality Sensors Distribution Automation Image Courtesy – Smart Grid Research Consortium and Tropos N/Ws

5. Smart Metering – Essential Part of Smart Grid • Smart Metering: • An energy measurement system that provides smart features for better energy management. • Part of Green Initiative, to reduce Carbon emissions by increasing the energy efficiency. • Smart Metering – Value Adds • Smart Measurement – provides accurate consumption and pricing in real time. • Smart Management - provides analysed data to guide customer. • Reduced Manual Intervention - Utility companies can save millions on meter readers and loses incurred due to inaccurate billing. • Smart Features - Bi-directional communication to enable temper detection, supply cut-off in case of leakage detection/ non-payment, remote configuration etc. • TCS Initiatives: • Ongoing Research and Development to provide End to End Smart Metering Solution. • Analyzed various Smart Metering Specifications and Potential Connectivity Options. • Developed and Tested – End to End Smart Metering Solution

6. Gateway Substation Various Approaches for Smart Meter Connectivity Approach 1 Power Line Communication Wired Approach 2 PSTN/ Wired Broadband Long Haul Communication Approach 3 ?????? Wi-Fi/ Wi-Max Wireless Short Haul Communication Approach 4 3G Network

7. Last Mile Connectivity • Provides the ability to reach to end customers meter and to his appliances if possible. • Short Haul Communication – Long distances can be covered with other technologies. • Should be economical for mass deployment – Less installation cost and no operating cost • Should take in to account different geographic conditions in cities as well as villages. • Preferably Bi-directional TCS Smart Metering Findings - • Smart Metering – generally a large scale project • Realization of all Smart Metering benefits – highly technology dependent • Improper Protocol Selection – may impair the main objective of the concept • Selection Consequences – has widespread impact on utility providers, silicon vendors and customers

8. Indian Scenarios – Metro and Non-Metro Cities • Heavily Dense • Multistory Buildings • Same case with cities in Western world

9. Indian Scenarios – Villages • Different than concept of villages in Western world • No big and isolated Farmhouse or Ranches. • Medium dense community concentrated in small patches (typically 50-100 houses in 1 K.M2)

10. Important Aspects for Last Mile Connectivity.. • Data Integrity and Security • Data to be used for billing purpose – requires higher level of transmission integrity • Insensitive to external interference • Data encryption to avoid data loss and data hacking • Communication Range • Expected range: 600 to 1,000 meters for possible larger network requirement • Network Size • Short-Haul Communication (communication between meters or sub-meters to the Data Collector) • Support 250 odd meters – considering possible scenarios

11. Important Aspects for Last Mile Connectivity.. • Spectrum Availability and Operating Frequency • Unlicensed or licensed, worldwide availability • Unlicensed – more reliable and cost-effective • Coexistence concern shall be addressed • Lower frequencies provide a larger communication range • Interoperability • Devices from different manufacturers shall be compatible with each other • Standard Protocol – to achieve high degree of interoperability • Worldwide Acceptance • Necessary to achieve interoperability • Can be addressed by coming up as a Real Standard • Cost Effectiveness • Cost – the main driving and deciding factor • Includes Installation, Maintenance, Frequency Band and Power Consumption

12. Important Aspects for Last Mile Connectivity • Battery Life / Power Consumption • Required for communication when power supply is interrupted • Long battery life to reduce device maintenance and manual intervention • Smart Metering shall provide a battery life up to 10 or 15 years • Selected technology shall not consume more than it saves • Data Rate • Smart Metering – small amount of data to be transmitted • Typical data transmission frequency requirement: • Every 15 minutes for electricity consumption data • Every 30 minutes for gas consumption data

13. India Specific Aspects • Minimum installation cost and preferably no operating cost • No special HW requirements • No Spectrum Cost • Bi-directional communication to support features such as tamper detection, Pre-paid meters and power theft/leakage detection • Non proprietary solution – no license fees / patent royalties for usage of technology • Robust enough, not affected by disturbance from any other RF sources. • No dependency on service provider for communication channels • GSM spectrum is licensed to different service providers across various regions in India.

14. Popular Contenders … • ZigBee • IEEE 802.15.4-based, operating at 2.4 GHz • Network Size: 64000 nodes, range of around 1500 meters at a data rate of up to 250 Kbps • wM-Bus • EN13757-based, operating at 868 MHz • Network Size: Less than 250 nodes, range of around 1000 meters at a data rate of up to 100 Kbps • Z-Wave • Operating at Sub-Gigahertz frequency (868, 908 MHz) • Network Size: 232 nodes, range of around 100 meters at a data rate of 40 Kbps • * ZigBee is a registered trademark of ‘ZigBee Alliance’ • * Z-wave is a trademark of ‘Sigma Designs’

15. Popular Contenders • Bluetooth • IEEE 802.15.1-based, operating at 2.4 GHz • Network Size: Eight nodes, range of around 10 meters at a data rate of 721 Kbps • Wireless HART • IEEE 802.15.4-based, operating at 2.4 GHz • Network Size: 250 nodes, range of around 200 meters at a data rate of 250 Kbps • Wi-Fi • IEEE 802.11-based, operating at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz • Network Size: 2007 nodes, range of around 100 meters at a data rate of 54 Mbps • * Bluetooth is a registered trademark of ‘Bluetooth SIG’ • * WirelessHART is a registered trademark of ‘HART Communication Foundation’ • * Wi-Fi is a registered trademark of ‘Wi-Fi Alliance’’

16. Protocol Evaluation How we analysed these protocols - • Analyzed all these Protocols against Smart Metering requirements (OMS, SRSM, ISGF guidelines) • Observed / experienced testing results for in house implemented technologies • Also figured out its suitability as per applications (such as for Smart Metering and for Smart Home) • Worked on proving the feasibility of using existing electricity meters for Smart Metering. This provides a cost effectiveness and eliminates the need of complete and costly replacement of existing electricity meters. Data Integrity and Security • Protocol to provide data encryption and CRC or MIC checking • All protocols (except Z-Wave) support data encryption and authentication • Bluetooth supports E0 stream cipher • Wi-Fi, WirelessHART, ZigBee and wM-Bus supports AES128 • Comparatively weak data security supported by Z-Wave (TDES using 56-bit key) • New generation Z-Wave to support AES encryption

17. Protocol Evaluation Communication Range (in meters) • Short-Haul Communication – between Meter Node to Data Collector • Data from utility meters or sub-meters within home (on smaller view) • Data from utility meters within 20 to 25-floored apartment (on larger view) • Range between 600-1000 meters shall be sufficient (considering possible complexity) • wM-Bus and ZigBee provided range shall be sufficient

18. Protocol Evaluation Network Size (Number of Nodes) • Data Collector shall be able to collect data from 250 odd meters • Bluetooth supports insufficient network size • Z-Wave may not provide scalability for larger projects

19. Protocol Evaluation Spectrum Availability and Operating Frequency • wM-Bus and Z-Wave operates at unlicensed ISM band at 868 MHz • 868 MHz band is less prone to coexistence issues • All other protocols operate at unlicensed ISM band 2.4 GHz • 2.4 GHz band supports worldwide availability but at the risk of overcrowding Interoperability • Generally standardized protocol ensures high degree of interoperability • On the contrary, verity of manufacturer may develop proprietary software or devices • Proprietary protocol might get reduced interest from technology users due to single or limited providers

20. Protocol Evaluation Worldwide Acceptance • Proprietary protocol • Develops much faster due to fast decision making • May create monopoly • Generally focused around limited application • Standard Open protocol gets acceptance unless a single owning company is dominant enough. For example, Ethernet won despite IBM’s attempts for token ring technology. Cost Effectiveness • Bluetooth – low cost compared to Wi-Fi. Both have a high maintenance cost (due to low battery life). • ZigBee is at least two times cost-effective than Wi-Fi • Compared to Z-Wave and wireless HART, ZigBee devices are much cheaper due to a high application volume • Compared to ZigBee, wM-Bus supports low overhead in terms of protocol and frame format • wM-Bus is more cost-effective because it is simple, application-focused and power-efficient

21. Protocol Evaluation Current Consumption (in mA) • Wi-Fi consumes much higher power. • Wireless HART, ZigBee and wM-Bus consumes less compared to other. • Power loss increases with increase in operating frequency • Wireless HART, ZigBee operates at higher frequency compared to wM-Bus.

22. Protocol Evaluation Battery Life • Wireless HART, ZigBee and wM-Bus supports longer lifespan due to a comparatively low-power consumption • ZigBee and wireless HART operating at 2.4 GHz – comparatively high-power consumption • ZigBee support features (frequency shifting, multihopping, retransmission) to avoid coexistence issues. These ZigBee features have cost in terms of battery lifetime. • Comparison of existing ZigBee and wM-Bus water meter shows wM-Bus as a strong contender Battery OK Battery OK Low Battery Need Attention 68% left 50% left 18% left

23. Protocol Evaluation Data Rate (in Kbps) • Bluetooth and Wi-Fi supports much higher data rate • Z-Wave supports very low data rate. • Other protocols communicate at sufficiently enough rate for Smart Metering • Data transferred at the cost of power usage – provides a leading edge to wM-Bus

24. Protocol Evaluation – Conclusion.. Protocol Fitness

25. Protocol Evaluation - Conclusion Protocol Fitness • ZigBee and wM-Bus – enough potential to become an ideal protocol • ZigBee to reduce its power consumption (may be possible with SubGHzZigBee). • wM-Bus to increase its worldwide acceptability. • Any other Sub GHz protocol (like wM-Bus) will be more suitable.

26. Overview of TCS Energy & Infrastructure Capabilities More than 500 Engineers working for Energy, Infrastructure & Utilities Engineering services delivering solutions to Power OEMs (Turbo machineries and power systems engineering) and Power T&D sector. As an emerging trend, TCS is supporting energy management as Service for Building and Industrial infrastructure. • Services as below: • Engineering design for Power Machineries, renewable Power and Power systems Engineering (mechanical, Electrical, Controls & Instrumentation, Power plant engineering) • Power T&D • •Substation Engineering (SCADA, DMS, Power Controls, Systems integration) • •Geospatial Engineering for Utility survey • •Smart Meter • •Energy management services • •Greening infrastructure include LEED certification under TCS Eco Sustainability Services framework • •Building & Industrial infrastructure

27. TCS Current Smart Metering Development • Restructured accelerated development reform program of India (in 12 states of India) – • The complete scope of services in all these projects covered following activities, services and works in respect of successful setup of IT infrastructure for collection of baseline data for energy and revenue of identified towns and setting up customer care centre in the towns. • Design, engineering, manufacturing, supply, installation ,commissioning and putting in to satisfactory operation of all necessary hardware, software and managing the facilities created under the scope of services for a period of 5 years after the successful completion of site acceptance. • Meter data acquisition system (MDAS) was initiated for West Bengal State Electricity Development Corporation Limited (WBSEDCL) under power sector reforms in India called R-APDRP. • Veolia Systems delivered the solution to acquire data from the existing 14,000 meters which are installed at Substations, Distribution Transformers and Industrial consumer premises.  • TCS was responsible for Solution Design and complete System integration of the Meter Data Acquisition System with other modules such as Meter Data Management, GIS, Customer Care and DMS.

28. TCS Smart Metering Solution • Smart Metering Solution developed by TCS, provides end to end bi-directional communication between utility meter and utility server with below mentioned features: • Periodic or On Demand Readout • High Data Security using AES 128 Encryption • Tamper Detection, Alarm Handling and Remote Supply cut-off Functionality • Support for Prepaid / post paid billing • Drive by / Walk by Reading • Real time Web Portal Services for Utility Company and End Customer • Support for integration with Smart Home Solution • Support for remote firmware and configuration update • Reduced power consumption • Usage of free ISM band and compatibility for multiple standards Electricity Meter Node 2 Electricity Meter Node 1 Meter Node Meter Node Sensor Sensor Data Collector Short Haul Transceiver Long haul Transceiver Data Concentrator Short- Haul Communication Protocol Bridge Long-Haul Communication Short- Haul Communication Long- Haul Communication

29. TCS Smart Energy Solution – Smart Home • TCS SES Differentiator: • Integrated with Smart Metering Data Collector • Provides multiple choice for wireless protocols • Can be extended to support web based appliance monitoring and control (IoT) • Can support integration with Mobile applications • Provides user friendly In home display for monitoring and control. • TCS SES Features : • Real time monitoring and control of home appliances • Support for scheduling appliance usage in advance • Provides user friendly display for user profile which supports user in planning his/her energy consumption.

30. TCS Smart Energy Solution – Architectural Overview • Smart Energy Solution developed by TCS, provides end to end bi-directional communication between utility meter and utility server for Smart Metering. This also supports Smart Home with below mentioned features: • Use of existing utility meter along with add-on Meter Node • Short Haul Communication over wireless M-Bus protocol and aligned with OMS Specifications. • Long Haul Communication over Ethernet. • Smart Home functionality supporting User Interface (IHD) for monitoring and control. Washing machine Television Mobile – Secondary Access TV – In Home Display RF Enabled Plug Refrigerator User Web Portal Admin Web Portal wM-Bus Electricity Meter Data Concentrator Water Meter Data Collector Ethernet Gas Meter wM-Bus

31. TCS Smart Energy Solution – Smart Metering • TCS SES Differentiator: • Modular Solution – Can be integrated with Existing and New Meter Designs • Can be used for various utilities and even for M2M communication • Integrated with iDigi platform cloud solution • TCS SES Features : • Periodic or On Demand Readout • High Data Security using AES 128 Encryption • Tamper Detection, Alarm Handling and Remote Supply cut-off Functionality • Support for Prepaid / post paid billing • Drive by / Walk by Reading • Real time Web Portal Services for Utility Company and End Customer • Support for remote firmware and configuration update • Low power consumption • Usage of free ISM band and compatibility for multiple standards

32. TCS Smart Energy Solution Ecosystem

33. Conclusion ... • One solution does not fit all…Indian scenarios demands its own customized solution • Sub GHz RF is possibly best solution for last mile connectivity for smart energy solutions • ZigBee and wM-Bus are among top contenders for best fit protocol, though each of them have their own pros and cons • Indian energy eco-system needs to play active role to select and define suitable protocol for Indian smart energy implementation

34. Conclusion • TCS is ready to address challenges in Smart Energy implementation in India as it has • Experience and strength in working with large Government programs (15+ years of domain experience) • Well aware about India specific requirement for smart energy implementation and thus can design custom made, reliable and low cost solution for it. • Integrated domain experience covering Controls, Automation and Information Technology, able to provide end to end solution. • Excellent capability in engineering including manufacturing • Proactive Investment in Smart Energy Solutions • Development of end to end solution including connecting to utility server, cloud etc. • Having right connect with the eco system.

35. References • Open Metering System Specification - Volume 2 - Primary Communication - Issue 3.0.1 / 2011/01/29 • MULTICAL 21 Data Sheet – Electronic ultrasonic cold water meter by Kamstrup • Aqura Submetering Products manual from Wellspring. • Cambridge Silicon Radio, BlueCore2-External Product Data Sheet. Aug. 2006 • Chipcon, CC2430 Preliminary Data Sheet (rev. 1.03). 2006 • RF Monolithics, XDM2510H Module Data Sheet, Mar. 2011 • Texas Instruments, CC1101 Low Power Sub-1 GHz RF Transceiver Data Sheet, 2011 • Zensys, ZM2102 Z-Wave Module Data Sheet, 2006 • SilverSpring Networks, “Why Unlicensed Spectrum Dominates the Smart Grid” Whitepaper. • The ZigBee Alliance website (www.zigbee.com) • Bluetooth Technology website (www.bluetooth.com) • WiFi Alliance website (www.wi-fi.org) • Z-Wave Alliance website (www.z-wavealliance.org) • HART Communication and Foundation website (www.hartcomm.org) • Wireless M-Bus Specification EN13757-4, Oct. 2005

36. For more information, please mail us at: radheshyam.patil@tcs.com abhijeet.shinde@tcs.com