The Legacy of Greece and Rome

1. The Legacy of Greece and Rome

2. Words to Know government - a political system for exercising authority. aristocracy – a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility. citizen – a native of a state or nation with certain rights and privileges. direct democracy – a government controlled by its citizens either directly or through representatives. monarchy – a government in which power is in the hands of a single person.

3. Words to Know continued natural law – patterns and explanations of the world discovered through reason and intelligence; used by the Greeks in place of superstition & traditional explanations of the world. republic – a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives & leaders elected by the people. senate – in ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats.

4. Objectives • To identify the different political systems that developed in ancient Greece. • To trace changes in the Greek democracy and the flowering of Greek philosophy during the fifth century B.C. • To compare and contrast democracy in Athens with that under the Roman republic. • To describe the influence of Roman law on government.

5. The World Arctic Ocean Arctic Ocean Arctic Ocean Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean SOUTH POLE SOUTH POLE

6. Question: How does the past influence the present? Democracyis from the Greek words“demos” meaning people and “kratos” meaning rule or authority Government- a political system for exercisingauthority. Democracy - a government BY the people.

7. Rise of Democratic Ideas In Greece and Rome Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Greeks 594 B.C. Romans 509 B.C.

8. Ancient Greece

9. Direct Democracy - government in which citizens rule directly voting on laws, & other matters affecting the city-state. (Like a town meeting today with the people’s representatives hearing what the people want to say.) Executive Branch President White House Legislative Branch Senators & Representatives Capital Building Judicial Branch Justices Supreme Court Separation of Powers –the assignment of executive, legislative, & judicial powers to different groups of officials in a government. (Like the U.S. Government, today)

10. Athenian Rulers and their Reforms Solon (630 – 560 B.C.) increased citizens’ participation in government but it was still a limited democracy. 594 B.C., outlawed slavery based on debt and cancelled farmers’ debts, averting a revolution established four classes of citizenship based on wealth instead of heredity. also created a new Council of Four Hundred to prepare business for the already existing Council a fairer code of laws the right of citizens to bring charges against wrong- doers.

11. Cleisthenes, the Reformer 508 B.C. Cleisthenes' reforms was felt immediately, revolutionizing all aspects of Athenian life. Everyone was really happy ! He wanted to break up the power of the nobles. His laws allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate and passage. He also created the Council of Five Hundred which counseled the assembly. Democracy released unheard of potentials in its citizens and ushered in an age of achievement and prosperity.

12. Golden Age of Greece under Pericles

13. The Golden Age of Greece

15. Athens, Greece – The Parthenon Atop the Acropolis

16. Aristotle Plato Socrates Greek Philosophers (Thinkers) They did not rely on superstition or tradition but used reason and intelligence (logic) to discover predictable patterns they called natural laws.

17. NATURAL LAWS Greek Philosophers based their philosophy on thesenatural laws: 1. The universe (land, sky, sea) is put together in an orderly way and is subject to absolute & unchanging laws. 2. People can understand these laws through logic and reason .

18. The Peloponnesian War 430 - 404 B.C. Athens lost.... Greece was weakened Sparta vs. Athens

19. 338 B.C. The end of Democracy in Greece and…..…… The beginning of a foreign Monarchy.

21. Ancient Roman Empire

22. The lands of the Roman Empire, who allowed conquered people the right of equal treatment under the law.

23. Invading Roman Army

24. Romans, welcoming their emperor.

25. Roman Law • All citizens had the right to equal treatment under the law. • A person was considered innocent until proven guilty. • The burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accused person. • Any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside.

26. The Roman Republic Roman aristocrats overthrew the harsh king & set up the new government: the Republic The Romans were the first to give us Representative Democracy with theirsenators.

27. Roman Senate Roman Forum

29. Emperor Justinian

30. Justinian’s Code even kings were subject to the law. 451 B.C. The Twelve Tablets (the early code): officials collected all Roman laws A.D. 528 Justinian (the new code): all Roman laws since 451 B.C.be collected when completed, consisted of four works 1. The Code which contained all the laws 2. The Digest which is a summary of legal opinions 3. The Novellae, laws passed after 534 These established “a government of law, not of men”

31. The Roman Senate

33. Rise of Democratic Ideas in Greece and Rome *594 B.C. – In Greece, adult males may attend & present laws for debate in the assembly. *509 B.C. – Romans establish aRepublic (representative Government). *508 B.C. – In Greece, the assembly reorganized tolimit power of the nobles. *461 B.C. – In Greece,direct democracyintroduced to Athens. *A.D. 528 – In Rome, EMPEROR JUSTINIAN authorized a panel to compile a written legal code for all Roman citizens including rulers. *A.D. 533 –Justinian’s Code of Laws(written legal code) completed.

34. Summary: Rise of Democratic Ideas • Greece/Rome: • democracy (direct & representative) • natural laws of the universe (logic, reason, intelligence) • limit power of nobles • written code of laws • separation of power (3 branches of government)