FIve scIentIsts who changed the World

1. FIvescIentIstswhochangedthe World Fbe 6668 PhIlosophyof ScIenceandEthIcs Prof. Dr. Erol Kaya Zehra TUNCER 2018900146

2. 1-) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642 AD) Born in Pisa, Italy in 1564. He was sent to study medicine by his father, but he chose his career in science and mathematics. Galileo is called as ‘’the father of modern Physics and Astronomy‘’ for his discoveries of the Moon and the laws of motion. ‘’Doubt is thefather of invention.’’ -Galileo Galilei https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-10-greatest-scientists-who-changed-world-marko-jovanovi%C4%87-m-d-

3. LAWS OF MOTION Aristotle believed that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. Galileo proved that all objects, irrespective of mass, decelerated at the same rate. To prove this, he dropped balls of different weights from a particular height. He also rolled balls down a slope and determined their positions after equal time intervals. When a ball is thrown in the air, it falls back to Earth in a parabolic path. He published the theory of uniform acceleration, titled the Laws of Motion. All these principles helped Sir Isaac Newton devise his three laws of motion. https://sciencestruck.com/timeline-of-galileos-inventions-discoveries

4. TELESCOPE In 1608, a German lensmaker Hans Lippershey invented the first telescope. The next year, Galileo improved on thisdesign by improving the magnifying power of the glass usedand created his own telescope. He was the first to aim one at the stars. After Galileo invented the telescope, he figured out that the Moon had a constant speed of revolution. Galileo used telescopes to discover new things about our Solar System. https://sciencestruck.com/timeline-of-galileos-inventions-discoveries

5. Galileo also discovered that the surface of moon was not smooth but contained burrows and holes to what he called crater. After he finished his observations on the Moon, he discovered 4 revolving moons around Jupiter which are named after him. Thus, he proved that the Earth wasn't the only one with a satellite; there were others like it too. He also found out that the Milky Way consisted of stars stuck together which looked like clouds from the Earth. https://www.elist10.com/top-10-greatest-scientists-changed-world/

6. Heliocentric System In 1543 a scientist Nicolaus Copernicus said that the geocentric theory (shortly, Earth was at the center of the universe) was wrong. Galileo proved what Copernicus said about sun being the center of the solar system by Heliocentric system. But The Catholic Church argued that the Earth only had one motion, and if it revolved around its axis, there would be chaos which would be visible. The Church felt that this new theory was a threat to their religion. Because of this, Galileo was convicted of heresy by the Church, and placed under house arrest. https://sciencestruck.com/timeline-of-galileos-inventions-discoveries

7. Thesector was a compass created by Galileo, used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication, and division.Thedevice had useful scales on its legs, making it easier for land surveying. Galileo inventedthethermoscope in 1606 torecordthechanges in temperatureaccordingtothepressure on thewaterbelow. https://sciencestruck.com/timeline-of-galileos-inventions-discoveries

8. Also, Galileo discovered sunspots that moved from one side of the surface of the Sun to another. He became blind in his old days because of looking directly the sun and died in the year 1642, at the age of 77. An interesting fact is that one of Galileo’s fingers is on display at a Galileo museum*in Florence! (*Galileo Museum: Institute and Museum of the History of Science. The museum houses the only remaining instruments designed and built by Galileo himself ) Galileo’s middle finger preserved and on display https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/blueshift/index.php/2010/07/28/faiths-blog-if-you-only-see-one-petrified-middle-finger-in-your-life/

9. 2-) LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895 AD) Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist who called as "the father of Germ Theory." In 1838, Louis went to college to become a science teacher. He earned degrees in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. He then became a chemistry professor at the University of Strasbourg.  While at the University he fell in love with the daughter of the university's rector, Marie Laurent. He and Marie married in 1849. They had five children, however, three died young from typhoid fever. It was the deaths of his children that drove Louis to investigate infectious diseases in order to find a cure. ‘’A bottle of winecontainsmorephilosophythanallthe boks in theworld.’’ -Louis Pasteur http://www.clilexcellence.education/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/FOOD-PRESERVATIONCLIL.pdf

10. Pasteur was the first ever scientist to study about fermentation in food elements that was caused by microbes. He also explained about biogenesis and proposed a theory named as the “Germ Theory”. Through his experiments he proved that germs (i.e. bacteria) were living things that came from other living things. They didn't just spontaneously appear. This was a major discovery in the study of biology. https://www.ducksters.com/biography/scientists/louis_pasteur.php

11. He also created a process of treating milk free from the damage causing microbes to what he called ”Pasteurization”. This process is still done on many foods. Pasteur is also regarded as the first man on earth to ever discover cure for puerperal fever*and make the vaccines for rabies**and anthrax***. *fever caused by uterine infection following childbirth. **a virus that is usually spread by the bite or scratch of an animal ***an infectious illness caused by the microbe Bacillus https://www.ducksters.com/biography/scientists/louis_pasteur.php

12. His discoveries led to an understanding of microbes and diseases that has helped to save millions of lives. Today the Pasteur Institute whichhe established in 1887 is one of the world leaders in battling infectious diseases. Louis Pasteur died in 1895, at 73 from a stroke. He was buried in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, France. https://www.ducksters.com/biography/scientists/louis_pasteur.php

13. 3-) ARCHIMEDES Born about c. 287 BCE in Syracuse on the island of Sicily.  The most-famous mathematician and inventor in ancient Greece.  He is known as the 'father of mathematical physics‘quite rightly. ’’Theonlywaytolearn it is to do it.’’ -Archimedes https://sciencestruck.com/inventions-of-archimedes

14. He is alsoknown for his formulation of a hydrostatic  principle (known as Archimedes’ principle). Archimedes’ principle is very useful for calculating the volume of an object that does not have a regular shape. The oddly shaped object can be submerged, and the volume of the fluid displaced is equal to the volume of the object. It can also be used in calculating the density or specific gravity of an object. https://www.britannica.com/science/Archimedes-principle

15. He is also known for a device for raising water, still used, known as the Archimedes’ screw.Archimedes' screw consists of a screw (a helical surface surrounding a central cylindrical shaft) inside a hollow pipe. The screw is turned usually by a windmill or by manual labour. As the shaft turns, the bottom end scoops up a volume of water. This water will slide up in the spiral tube, until it finally pours out from the top of the tube and feeds the irrigation systems. The screw was used mostly for draining water out of mines or other areas of low lying water. ‘’Archimedes’ Screw’’ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw

16. Archimedes wrote nine treatises that survive. In On the Sphere and Cylinder, he showed that the surface area of a sphere with radius r is 4πr2 and that the volume of a sphere inscribed within a cylinder is two-thirds that of the cylinder. (V = 4/3πr3 .) InMeasurement of the Circle, he showed that pilies between310⁄71(approximately 3.1429) and 31⁄7 (approximately 3.1408), which compares well with its actual value of approximately 3.1416. InOn Floating Bodies, he wrote the first description of how objects behave when floating in water. https://physics.weber.edu/carroll/Archimedes/treatises.htm

17. Archimedes played an important role in the defense of Syracuse against the siege laid by the Romans in 213 BCE by constructing war machines so effective that they long delayed the capture of the city.  Archimedes may have used mirrors acting collectively as a parabolic reflector to burn ships attacking Syracuse. The device, called the "Archimedes’ heat ray" was used to focus sunlight onto approaching ships, causing them to catch fire. ‘’Archimedes’Heat Ray’’ http://archimedesjack.weebly.com/discoveries-and-inventions.html

18. The Claw of Archimedes is a weapon that it was known as "the ship shaker" . The claw consisted of a crane-like arm from which a large metal grappling hook was suspended. When the claw was dropped onto an attacking ship the arm would swing upwards, lifting the ship out of the water and possibly sinking it. When the Roman fleet approached the city walls under cover of darkness, the machines were deployed, sinking many ships and throwing the attack into confusion. . ‘’TheClaw of Archimedes’’ http://archimedesjack.weebly.com/discoveries-and-inventions.html

19. One story told about Archimedes’ death is that  he was working on a mathematical diagram when the city was attacked. General Marcellus of the Roman arm force demanded to see Archimedes and sent a Roman soldier to bring him. Archimedes declined the soldier’s command explaining he had a mathematical problem to solve. Enraged by his insubordination, the soldier took his life with his sword. The last words became quite popular that Archimedes uttered, “Soldier, stand away from my diagram.’’ There is a sculpture illustrating his most favourite mathematical proof (encompassed a sphere and cylinder with same height and diameter)that has been placed on his tomb. Unfortunately the tomb’s location isn’t known. https://www.google.com/search?q=archimedes+tomb&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF85Xb3qLfAhWEWiwKHQXbAlAQ_AUIDigB&biw=1536&bih=706

20. 4-) JOHANNES KEPLER Born in 1571 in Germany. He was born early and was described as “sickly.” He also had smallpox as a child, which affected his vision and his hands.  Kepler developed a love for astronomy at an early age. When he was six years old, he got to see the Great Comet of 1577. He also saw a lunar eclipse when he was nine years old.  ’’Science is theprocess of thinkingGod’sthoughtsafterhim.’’ -Johannes Kepler https://kidsastronomy.com/space-exploration/johannes-kepler/

21. Laws of Planetary Motion Between 1609 and 1619 Kepler published his three laws of planetary motion. These laws describe how planets move around the Sun. Here are his three laws: First Law (Law of Ellipses): Planets orbit the Sun in an elliptical orbit. Second Law (Law of Equal Areas): A line segment connecting a planet and the Sun will carve out equal areas in equal time. Third Law (Law of Harmonies): The period of a planet squared is proportional to the semimajor axis of its orbit cubed. These three laws help astronomers understand outer space. An illustration of the solar system and planetary orbits. Kepler made important discoveries about planetary orbits. https://kidsastronomy.com/space-exploration/johannes-kepler/

22. Like Galileo, Kepler supported the heliocentric theory of Copernicus. He spent time defending it against people who doubted Copernicus.  In 1611, he created a new telescope that had a convex, instead of concave, lens. This telescope worked much better than earlier ones. He also worked with the lensesthat made the eyeglasses much more useful to the average person. Convex things – like this mirror – bulge outward. Concave things bulge inward. http://visionlaunch.com/johannes-kepler-inventions-and-accomplishments/

23. In 1630, at 59,Kepler got sick and then died in Regensburg, Germany. He was buried in Regensburg. Kepler left an important legacy in astronomy and is a one of famous scientist to this day.  https://kidsastronomy.com/space-exploration/johannes-kepler/

24. 5-)ANTONIE VANLEEUWENHOEK Born October 24, 1632, Delft, Netherlands He invented the first practical microscopes and used them to become the first person to see and describe bacteria. ’’Man has alwaysto be busywith his thoughtsifanything is to be accomplished.’’ -Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek https://www.thoughtco.com/anton-van-leeuwenhoek-1991633

25. Van Leeuwenhoek who was the first to discovered bacteria and "protozoa" ( the single-celled organisms). His observations helped lay the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology. He also is often cited as the first microbiologist to study muscle fibers, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries. Not only he would write about what he discovered and observed, he would also draw what he observed underneath the microscope. This lead him to be the first person to draw an image of bacteria. It is because of these many discoveries that we call Leeuwenhoek the "father of microbiology" today. https://explorable.com/discovery-of-bacteria

26. Lee­u­wen­hoekdesignedand builtseveralhundredmicroscopes for other scientists, but never using his secret technique, and it eventually became known among these scientists that he must be keeping his best equipment for himself. Just nine of Anton Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes exist today. His instruments were made of gold and silver, and most were sold by his family after he died in 1723. http://alienryderflex.com/leeuwenhoek.shtml

27. Thanksforlistening…