Warm-up

1. Warm-up What is the best way to persuade someone? Written or Spoken Word? Explain your position

2. Persuasion Through Rhetoric Words, Phrases, and Simple Assertions

3. A psychological point about rhetoric and suggestion... It’s a fact that even fleeting impressions may have measurable influence on behavior.

4. A psychological point about rhetoric and suggestion... It’s a fact that even fleeting impressions may have measurable influence on behavior. The operation of such influences may occur below the threshold of consciousness.

5. A psychological point about rhetoric and suggestion... It’s a fact that even fleeting impressions may have measurable influence on behavior. The operation of such influences may occur below the threshold of consciousness. The positive and negative impressions made by use of rhetorical devices, while they may sometimes seem trivial, can have powerful and long-lasting effects.

6. A psychological point about rhetoric and suggestion... It’s a fact that even fleeting impressions may have measurable influence on behavior. The operation of such influences may occur below the threshold of consciousness. The positive and negative impressions made by use of rhetorical devices, while they may sometimes seem trivial, can have powerful and long-lasting effects. Critical thinking addresses influence of rhetoric in two ways: (1) helps identify attempts at non-argumentative persuasion (2) helps check “spontaneous” beliefs and impulses

7. Pathos • Under you pathos part – write the following words with their definitions and perhaps their examples.

8. Euphemisms and Dysphemisms • Words or phrases that are substituted for other words or phrases to put what is being discussed in a more positive or negative light

9. Euphemisms and Dysphemisms • Words or phrases that are substituted for other words or phrases to put what is being discussed in a more positive or negative light Euphemism: “Used cars” become “pre-owned vehicles”. Dysphemism: “Music” becomes “noise”.

10. Euphemisms and Dysphemisms • Words or phrases that are substituted for other words or phrases to put what is being discussed in a more positive or negative light Euphemism: “Used cars” become “pre-owned vehicles”. Dysphemism: “Music” becomes “noise”. Note: Reports and descriptions may convey pleasant or unpleasant information without being euphemistic or dysphemistic. It’s the quality of the language that matters.

11. Innuendo • A suggestion that is made indirectly • Creates a negative impression (using indirect language to create a positive impression is usually better classed as understatement) • May be constructed by association with something negative or by faint praise • Ways of speaking that depart positively or negatively from a fair or neutral position • Problems of content, not of form

12. Loaded Question • Often a yes-no question or a false dilemma, but could occur with any question form • Answering directly requires accepting or presuming a questionable, hostile, or unjustified assumption • May function similarly to innuendo

13. Loaded Question • Often a yes-no question or a false dilemma, but could occur with any question form • Answering directly requires accepting or presuming a questionable, hostile, or unjustified assumption • May function similarly to innuendo Example: Are you still abusing illegal drugs? Example: Should we vote for the Democrat or the Repulican in this election? Example: What were you thinking when you attempted to steal that CD?

14. Logos • Using reasoning

15. Rhetorical Comparisons, Definitions, and Explanations

16. Rhetorical Comparisons, Definitions, and Explanations • Ways of speaking that depart positively or negatively from a fair or neutral position • Problems of content, not of form Comparison: The American revolutionaries used tactics similar to those employed by the Viet Cong.

17. Rhetorical Comparisons, Definitions, and Explanations • Ways of speaking that depart positively or negatively from a fair or neutral position • Problems of content, not of form Comparison: The American revolutionaries used tactics similar to those employed by the Viet Cong. Definition: religion - the opiate of the people

18. Rhetorical Comparisons, Definitions, and Explanations • Ways of speaking that depart positively or negatively from a fair or neutral position • Problems of content, not of form Comparison: The American revolutionaries used tactics similar to those employed by the Viet Cong. Definition: religion - the opiate of the people Explanation: Franklin stayed in France throughout the revolution because he was a celebrity there.

19. Ethos • A person’s reputation

20. Horse Laugh/Ridicule/Sarcasm • An attempt to weaken a claim or undermine credibility by making an idea or person appear ridiculous

21. Horse Laugh/Ridicule/Sarcasm • An attempt to weaken a claim or undermine credibility by making an idea or person appear ridiculous • May make use of other devices, e.g., hyperbole, slippery slope

22. Horse Laugh/Ridicule/Sarcasm • An attempt to weaken a claim or undermine credibility by making an idea or person appear ridiculous • May make use of other devices, e.g., hyperbole, slippery slope Example: One thing I can say for Schwarzenegger, I bet he’s not a complainer. So now we won’t have to listen to a lot of complaining from the governor’s office while Bush’s friends are looting California.

23. Horse Laugh/Ridicule/Sarcasm • An attempt to weaken a claim or undermine credibility by making an idea or person appear ridiculous • May make use of other devices, e.g., hyperbole, slippery slope Example: One thing I can say for Schwarzenegger, I bet he’s not a complainer. So now we won’t have to listen to a lot of complaining from the governor’s office while Bush’s friends are looting California. Example: You don’t like how the PATRIOT Act expands police powers? How about the next time you need help, try calling a hippie.

24. Hyperbole • Use of exaggeration to make an impression of greater importance or deviation from expectations

25. Proof Surrogate • An assertion or strong suggestion that good evidence exists somewhere out of reach to support a claim

26. Proof Surrogate • An assertion or strong suggestion that good evidence exists somewhere out of reach to support a claim • May make use of listed, but unchecked or unverifiable references

27. Proof Surrogate • An assertion or strong suggestion that good evidence exists somewhere out of reach to support a claim • May make use of listed, but unchecked or unverifiable references Example: Unnamed sources report that... Example: Experts agree that... Example: I read on the Internet that... (if used as evidence)

28. Parallelism • repeating a grammatical structure or an arrangement of words to create a • sense of rhythm and momentum. • Ask not what your country can do for you —ask what you can do for your country. -JFK

29. Repetition • expressing different ideas using the same words or images in • order to reinforce concepts and unify the speech • “If you have an important point to make, • don’t try to be subtle or clever. • Use a pile driver. Hit the point once. Then come back and hit it again. Then hit it a third time – a tremendous whack.”

30. Rhetorical question • is not answered by the author because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, • and usually just a yes or no. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the facts at hand.

31. Books are useless! I only ever read one book, To Kill A Mockingbird, and it gave me absolutely no insight on how to kill mockingbirds! Sure it taught me not to judge a man by the color of his skin . . . but what good does that do me? Rhetorical Question Example:

32. Homer uses rhetorical questions • Mother Simpson: [singing] How many roads must a man • walk down before you can call him a man? • Homer: Seven. • Lisa: No, dad, it's a rhetorical question. • Homer: OK, eight. • Lisa: Dad, do you even know what "rhetorical" means? • Homer: Do I know what "rhetorical" means? • Questions: • How many rhetorical questions appear in this • dialogue? What is dialogue?

33. Proposition, Affirmative, Negative • Worksheet

34. The Affirmative Position The affirmative acts as an advocate (agent) for changing the present system. The affirmative must uphold the burden of proof, overcome presumption, and present a prima facie case.

35. Affirmative The Burden of Proof Affirmative must provide sufficient reason for adopting the change (proposition) Affirmative insists that something in the present system is not working If they do not prove this, there is no reason to change

36. Worksheet In groups, use the dictionary and define the words.

37. Civil Disobedience • Civil Disobedience (Resistance to Civil Government) is an essay by American transcendentalistHenry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

38. Labor Union • Laborunions in the United States are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries.

39. Sharecropper • Sharecropping is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g. 50% of the crop).

40. Jim Crow • The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jureracial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.

41. Exit Slip: • • We shrink from change; yet is there anything that can come into being without it? What does Nature hold dearer, or more proper to herself? Could you have a hot bath unless the firewood underwent some change? Could you be nourished if the food suffered no change? Do you not see, then, that change in yourself is of the same order, and no less necessary to Nature? Marcus Aurelius • How many rhetorical questions appear in the above • paragraph? How do you know these are rhetorical?

42. Warm-up after lunch: • What would make up an editorial?

43. Page 670

44. Homework: • Come up with your own editorial ideas and have two for tomorrow at the start of class.