HEP Roadmap in India relevant to International Design Study for a Neutrino Factory

1. HEP Roadmap in India relevant toInternational Design Study for a Neutrino Factory Naba K Mondal Tata Institute, India

2. High Energy Physics Activities in India • Ongoing Activities: • Experiments: • DZERO Experiment at Fermilab. • Belle Experiment at KEK. • Cosmic ray airshower array at Ooty in South India. • Ground based Gamma Ray array at Pachmarhi, Mt. Abu and Hanle. • Accelerators: • 2.5 GeV Indus-2 light source is currently under commissioning. First synchrotron light out of Indus-2 on Dec 2, 2005 • Contribution to Large Hadronic Collider (LHC) machine: • Decapole and octupole corrector magnets. • Precision alignment jacks. • Local protection units for LHC SC magnets.

3. Participation in LHC Experiments • CMS: • (i) Full responsibility for the outer hadron calorimeter (HO). • (i) Contribution towards silicon preshower detector ( developed using local industry). • ALICE: • (i) Photon Multiplicity Detector. • (ii) Muon Arm Project. • Grid Computing: • Tier 2 stations at Mumbai and Kolkata. • Tier 3 at participating institutes.

4. DAE-DST vision document for drawing roadmap for High Energy and Nuclear Physics Research in India • DAE ( Department of Atomic Energy) and DST ( Department of Science and Technology), Govt. of India has taken an initiative to define a roadmap of High Energy Physics, Nuclear Physics and related accelerator activities in India for the next 20 years. • The aim is to consider possible future big projects on the table and also suggest ways to generate scientific manpower. • A community wise meeting was organised recently in Mumbai to define this roadmap and the recommendations are being finalised. However the general consensus reached in the high energy physics community is to endorse- • India-based Neutrino Observatory proposal to setup an underground experiment with magnetised iron detector. • Participation in International Linear Collider related R & D activities.

5. Accelerator Activities – Future Projection • Encouraged by LHC related success, Dept. of Atomic Energy ( DAE), Govt. of India and CERN have initiated a new cooperation on Novel Accelerator Technologies. • Cern to help our upcoming projects: • Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at RRCAT • Accelerator Driven System (ADS) at BARC • DAE to join CERN’s Novel Accelerator projects • SPL, specially LINAC-4, the front end of SPL • Compact Linear collider ( CLIC) test facility CTF3 • Invitation to join ILC accelerator R & D effort – Dialogue has just started

6. India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) initiative • Two phase approach: Goal: A large mass detector with charge identification capability • R & D and Construction • Phase I • Physics studies, • Detector R & D, • Site survey, • Human resource development • Phase II • Construction of the detector Operation of the Detector Phase I Physics with Atmospheric Neutrinos Phase II Physics with Neutrino beam from a factory

7. Physics using atmospheric neutrinos during Phase I • Reconfirm atmospheric neutrino oscillation. • Improved measurement of oscillation parameters. • Search for potential matter effect in neutrino oscillation. • Determining the sign of Dm223 using matter effect. • Measuring deviation from maximal mixing for q23. • Discrimination between nm nt and nm  ns oscillation. • Probing CPT violation. • Constraining long range leptonic forces. • Study of high energy muons in cosmic rays.

8. Physics with Neutrino beam from NUFACT – Phase II • Determination of q13. • Sign of Dm223. • Probing CP violation in leptonic sector. • Matter effect in nm ntoscillation.

9. N up(L/E) N down(L’/E) = P(nm nm; L/E) Disappearance of Vs. L/E The disappearance probability can be measured with a single detector and two equal sources: = 1 - sin2 (2Q) sin2 (1.27 Dm2L/E)

10. Matter Effect Total no. of nm charge current events: Neglecting D21 Where For positive D31 resonance occurs When r and E are such that A=D31cos2q13 condition is satisfied

11. Matter Effect & Sign of Dm231

12. nm nt vs nm ns nmnt events will give rise to excess of muon less events. There will be excess of upgoing muonless events.

13. CPT Violation The expression for survival probability for the case of CPTV 2-flavour oscillations and

14. Sign of Number of wrong-sign muon Events as a function of Dm223

15. Choice of Neutrino Source and Detector • Neutrino Source • Need to cover a large L/E range • Large L range • Large En Range • Use Atmospheric neutrinos as source • Detector Choice • Should have large target mass ( 50-100 kT) • Good tracking and Energy resolution ( tracking calorimeter) • Good directionality ( <= 1 nsec time resolution ) • Charge identification • Ease of construction • Modularity • Complimentarity with other existing and proposed detectors • Use magnetised iron as target mass and RPC as active detector medium

16. INO Detector Concept

17. Long term stability of RPCs

18. Cosmic Muon Test DAQ Gas unit Telescope • Streamer mode (R134a=62%, • Argon=30% and the rest Iso-Butane) • Recording hits, timing, noise rates etc Stack of 10 RPCs

19. Some interesting events tracked

20. Location of the Underground Laboratory • Studies were performed on two potential sites. • Pykara Ultimate Stage Hydro Electric Project (PUSHEP) at Masinagudi, Tamilnadu. • Rammam Hydro Electric Project Site at Darjeeling District in West Bengal. • INO Site Selection Committee after thorough evaluation have now recommended PUSHEP in South India as the preferred site for the underground lab.

21. Status of INO • An Interim Project Report was written in April 2005 and this report is now being revised with new physics studies and detector R & D results. • This proposal was presented to Scientific Advisory Council of Prime Minister of India ( SAC PM ) in August 2006. Council has supported the proposal • Endorsed in the recently held DAE-DST HEP roadmap meeting. • An international review of this proposal will be done soon.

22. Summary INO: • A large magnetised detector of 50-100 Kton is needed to achieve some of the very exciting physics goals using atmospheric neutrinos. • A case for such a detector was highlighted earlier by the Monolith Collaboration.. • It will complement the existing and planned water cherenkov detectors. • Can be used as a far detector during neutrino factory era. • We have started a very active R & D work towards building such a detector. • Looking for participation from international neutrino community. International Design Study for a Neutrino Factory: • Strong interest for neutrino physics in India. • INO has physics interest in having a neutrino factory in Europe/Japan. • INO could be a testing ground for operating a large magnetised detector. • Several physicists within INO collaboration have started working on neutrino factory related physics studies. • In the area of accelerator R & D, India is collaborating with CERN for LINAC-4 project.