The Hip

1. The Hip

2. Pelvic (Hip) Girdle • Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or oscoxae) • Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong ligaments • Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs • Support pelvic organs

3. Os coxae • Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis

4. Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis

7. Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) Anterior inferior iliac spine llium Sacrum Pubic bone Pelvic brim Coccyx Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Ischium Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Pubic arch PLAY Animation: Rotatable pelvis Figure 7.29

8. Hip Bone • Three regions • Ilium • Superior region of the coxal bone • Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint) • Ischium • Posteroinferior part of hip bone • Pubis • Anterior portion of hip bone • Midline pubic symphysis joint

10. Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

11. Acetabulum

12. Ischial tuberosity

13. Ilium Posterior glutealline* Iliac crest Posterior superior iIiac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine* Inferior gluteal line Greater sciatic notch Anterior inferior iliac spine* Ischial body Acetabulum Ischial spine Pubic body Lesser sciatic notch Pubis Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis* Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Ischial ramus (a) Lateral view, right hip bone Figure 7.30a

14. Ilium Iliac fossa Iliac crest Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine* Body of the ilium Greater sciatic notch Ischialspine* Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis)* Ischium Ischial ramus Inferior ramus of pubis (b) Medial view, right hip bone Figure 7.30b

15. Comparison of Male and Female Pelves • Female pelvis • Adapted for childbearing • True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal • Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity

16. Comparison of Male and Female Pelves • Male pelvis • Tilted less forward • Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles • Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep A man’s hip

17. Comparison of Male and Female Pelves

18. Table 7.4

19. Table 7.4

20. Table 7.4

21. The Lower Limb • Carries the weight of the body • Subjected to exceptional forces • Three segments of the lower limb • Thigh: femur • Leg: tibia and fibula • Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes

22. Femur • Largest and strongest bone in the body • Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia and patella

23. Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Inter- trochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Apex Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle Medial and lateral supra- condylar lines Lateral epicondyle Surface for patellar ligament Intercondylar fossa Medial condyle Posterior Adductor tubercle (a) Patella (kneecap) Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Posterior view (b) Femur (thigh bone) Figure 7.31

24. Bones of the Leg Tibia • Medial leg bone • Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot

25. Bones of the leg Fibula • Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur • Site of muscle attachment • Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane • Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

26. Lateral condyle Intercondylar eminence Head Medial condyle Proximal tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Articular surface Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus (a) Anterior view Figure 7.32a

27. Articular surface of medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Medial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Articular surface Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus (b) Posterior view Figure 7.32b

28. Foot: Tarsals • Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot • Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus • Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

29. Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges • Metatarsals: • Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5) • Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot” • Phalanges • The 14 bones of the toes • Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges • Hallux has no middle phalanx

30. Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal 1 2 3 4 5 Metatarsals Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view Figure 7.33a

31. Facet for medial malleolus Talus Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Sustentac- ulum tali (talar shelf) First metatarsal Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Medial view PLAY Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot Figure 7.33b

32. Arches of the Foot • Arches are maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons • Arches allow the foot to bear weight • Three arches • Lateral longitudinal • Medial longitudinal • Transverse

33. Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch (a) Lateral aspect of right foot Figure 7.34a

34. Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull • Infant skull has more bones than the adult skull • Skull bones such as the mandible and frontal bones are unfused • At birth, skull bones are connected by fontanelles • Fontanelles • Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones • Four fontanelles • Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid