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THE AMERICAN FRONTIER

THE AMERICAN FRONTIER. Frontier living. Many adverse conditions Poverty Poor health Risk of child birth. Most men married at least twice Harsh work and living conditions. Danger. Indians Animals Accidents. Immorality. Whiskey as common as water. Gambling Fighting Lawlessness.

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THE AMERICAN FRONTIER

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  1. THE AMERICAN FRONTIER

  2. Frontier living • Many adverse conditions • Poverty • Poor health • Risk of child birth. Most men married at least twice • Harsh work and living conditions.

  3. Danger • Indians • Animals • Accidents

  4. Immorality • Whiskey as common as water. • Gambling • Fighting • Lawlessness

  5. Fierce Independence • Unconquerable spirit • Scots-Irish immigration 1700’s • Used to hardship and poverty • Most were Presbyterians • “Lived, worked and played hard. Also converted hard.”

  6. Philosophy • Thomas Paine • Voltaire • Common sense

  7. Religious Conditions in the Colonies

  8. Massachusetts: • Puritans were Congregationalists. • Dominated and for a time was the established church in some places. • Universalism later grew popular.

  9. Revolutionary War 1776-1783 • “The lowest ebb-tide of vitality in the history of American Christianity” • Rise of skepticism, Deism, French philosophy

  10. Second Great Awakening • This began on the frontier.

  11. Beginning of camp meetings. • “Society did not shape the frontier; the frontier shaped society.”

  12. “That coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness;

  13. that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends;

  14. that restless, nervous energy; that dominant individualism, working for good and for evil, and withal that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom—

  15. these are traits of the frontier, or traits called out elsewhere because of the existence of the frontier” Federick Jackson Turner

  16. These developed to meet needs on the frontier

  17. 1735 - Birth. Place unknown-perhaps Ireland, or Virginia. Little known of early life. Little formal education, 1775 Converted by Methodist preachers.

  18. “We will be down-right Christians” • 1779 - Va. Methodist preachers met in conference at Fluvanna, ordained themselves, and began administering sacraments. • 1780 - Northern preachers met in conference at Baltimore. Led by Francis Asbury. • Oppose action of Va, preachers. Two groups agree to submit issue to John Wesley.

  19. 1784 - Methodist Episcopal Church organized at famous "Christmas Conference."

  20. Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury elected "superintendents'!. 0'Ke11y elected, "elder". • 1785-1792 - O'Kelly served as presiding elder in Southern Virginia. As many as 28 preachers under his supervision.

  21. O;Kelly and others became dissatisfied with episcopal government of Methodist Church and with Asbury's autocratic rule over church. 1782 - Struggle between 0'Ke11y and Francis Asbury reached climax

  22. At Baltimore Conference, Nov,1, 1972, O'Kelly was supported by small minority of preachers, including Rice Haggard.

  23. Dissatisfied group withdrew from Conference. 1793 - O'Kelly and followers petition for changes in government of Methodist church. Refused.

  24. Organized "Republican Methodist Church" at Manakin Town, VA.,December 25, 1793.

  25. O’Kelly Chapel, Near Durham, N. C.

  26. Before a meeting in August 1794, a the Republican Methodists appointed a seven man committee to work out a plan of church government.

  27. Rice Haggard arose and said: "Brethren, this (a Bible) is a sufficient rule of faith and practice. By it we are told that the disciples were called Christians, and I move that henceforth and forever the followers of Christ be known as Christians simply."

  28. Following Haggard, A.M. Hafferty arose and moved that "they take the Bible itself as their only creed."

  29. Plan of church government adopted: elders in every church,

  30. 1808 - Christian Church has 20,000 members in southern and western states.

  31. “In the south were men of like stamp and energy who journeyed northward into Pennsylvania, southward into South Carolina and Georgia, and westward into Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama.

  32. “ Such men were James O'Kelly, Rice Haggard, William Guirey, … http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/jburnett/opc/OPC.HTM

  33. 1809 Christians in Southern states (O'Kelly group) and those in New England exchange greetings.

  34. 1810 - Controversy over baptism. O'Kelly refused to accept immersion.

  35. In 1810, the General Meeting was held at Pine Stake church in Orange county, Virginia. It was here that discussion between

  36. n O'Kelly and Guirey waxed so warm on the subject of baptism. Mr. Guirey favored immersion for baptism, and Mr. O'Kelly held to the former custom of pouring and sprinkling.

  37. This led to a division

  38. Some of this group later united with Stone • Others fromed the "independent Christian Baptist Church."

  39. 1811 - Elias Smith present at conference of Christian Churches. Given right hand of fellowship. Marked formal union between two groups.

  40. 1826 - Death of O'Kelly.

  41. 1854 - Christian church split over slavery. Reunited 1894. 112,795 members in 1926. 1831 Merged with Congregational Church. 1957 - Merged with Evangelical and Reformed church to form "United Church of Christ. --B. J. Humble

  42. Work of O’Kelly

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