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PEST MANAGEMENT

PEST MANAGEMENT. Selva Türkölmez Cevza Esin Tunç Deniz Çerik Kemal Alper Önsü. http://www.business-directory.org.uk/pest-control.html. Outline . What is pest? Causes of pests What is pest management? Why is the pest control important? Types of pest management: Biological Mechanical

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PEST MANAGEMENT

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  1. PEST MANAGEMENT Selva Türkölmez Cevza Esin Tunç Deniz Çerik Kemal Alper Önsü http://www.business-directory.org.uk/pest-control.html

  2. Outline • What is pest? • Causes of pests • What is pest management? • Why is the pest control important? • Types of pest management: • Biological • Mechanical • Physical • What is Integrated Pest Managemet (IPM)? • What are the positive and negative effects of pest management?

  3. WHAT IS PEST?

  4. Any animal, plant or microorganism that: • cause harm or damage to people or their animals, • destroy their crops or possessions(houses, yards, lands...etc).

  5. Which species are considered as pest? • insects, mites, ticks (and other arthropods), • mice, rats, and other rodents, • slugs, snails, nematodes, • cestodes (and other parasites), • weeds • fungi, bacteria, viruses (and other pathogens) http://www.pestcontroluae.com/pestlibrary.html

  6. Agricultural pests: • species that are harmful foragriculture by feeding on crops or parasitising livestock. • For example: • Codling mothapples • Boll weevilcotton http://tar-gel.com/index.php?tema=1-1&s=1&id=183 http://www.etkinlik.com.tr/elma-kurdu-kirtik-1894

  7. Pests: • Deteriorate a wild ecosystem  • Harmful for humans For example: • Rats &fleas: plaque • Mosquitoes: malaria • Ticks : Lyme disease https://extension.umd.edu/CucurbitPestManagement http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2012/08/the-case-for-open-access/

  8. CAUSES OF PESTS

  9. 1) EnvironmentalChange changes in climate, habitat, or community structure insectpopulationwith a reproductiveopportunity insects become epidemic from endemic

  10. http://californiaagriculture.ucanr.edu/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v063n02p73&fulltext=yeshttp://californiaagriculture.ucanr.edu/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v063n02p73&fulltext=yes

  11. 2) Introduction of Pests • expansion of international travel and trade  accidentially transportation (through air or sea transportation) • introduction of pests to new environment without their natural enemies  pests become problematic in new area due to: lack of resistance of native crops & lack of natural enemies

  12. 3) Destruction of NaturalEnemies excessuse of insecticides and pesticidesnatural enemies are killed naturalcontrol mechanism is deteriorated pestoutbreak http://www.whistler2020.ca/whistler/site/otgStory.acds?instanceid=9579775&context=1974407

  13. 4) Development of Resistance& GeneticDiversity stressby single factor parasites evolve change of genetics & adaptation to new conditions  resistance

  14. Resurgence: • the sudden increase of pests due to resistance in spite of good initial reduction. 1)Excessive use of pesticides 2)pests:adopt&become resistant & natural enemies: cannot survive and become resistant  3)pest pop. tremendously increases but natural enemy pop. cannot 4)natural enemy pop. cannot catch up pest pop. and control their amount  5)increase of pests

  15. 5) ExtensiveandIntensiveCultivation • Monoculture pests • Extensive cultivation  No need for competition for food multiplication & diversity of pests

  16. 6) Introduction of New CropsandVarieties Mostof new introduced crops lack of resistance feeding more on introduced crop pest multiplication

  17. 7) BreedingCrops • Occuredfirst in 1940-1970 • Main aim was to increase crop yields by changing their genetics • When changing the genetics of crops,little attention was paid to the resistance of plants to pests • Changing genetics  changed resistance increase in pests

  18. 8) ImprovedAgronomicPractices • IncreasedN fertilizer increase • Closer planting of • Granular insecticides pests

  19. WHAT IS PEST MANAGEMENT? http://pestcontrolservers.blogspot.co.uk/

  20. Regulations or managements about pests (which are harmful to ecology, health and economy) to get rid of them or control their amount. • Excludingor eradicating pests, creating environments where pests cannot survive and reproduce. • Agriculturaland urban/industrial pestcontrol. • In agricultural pest management: coexistence rather than eradiction

  21. logic(steps) of pest management: • Identification -- Exactly which species is causing damage? • Quantification -- What is the density and/or distribution of the population? • Specification -- What is the most reasonable and effective course of action? • Application -- Implementation of the appropriate management tactic. • Evaluation -- How effective was the control operation?

  22. http://entoguard.com/

  23. TYPES OF PEST MANAGEMENT

  24. BIOLOGICAL PEST MANAGEMENT (NATURAL PEST CONTROL)

  25. Eduction of pest populations by favoring natural enemies • Relies on predation,parasitism,herbivory, or other naturalmechanisms. • Typicallyalso involves an active human management role.

  26. Natural enemies: biological control agents that reduces the hosts(pests) https://www.pioneer.com/home/site/us/agronomy/crop-management/soybean-insect-disease/soybean-aphid http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/40/imagegallery/434509/434516

  27. 3 types of natural enemies: • Predators :  free-living species that consume a prey Ex: birds  monarch butterflies (feeding on milkweed) http://www.monarchlab.org/Lab/Research/topics/Enemies/Default.aspx

  28. Parasitoids: species whose immature stage develops on or within a single insect host (pest) Ex: wasp & most of flies  monarch larvaes http://www.monarchlab.org/Lab/Research/topics/Enemies/Default.aspx

  29. Pathogens: bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or weaken their host (pest) Ex: pathogenic fungi and viruses caterpillars http://kathrynanddavid.com/2010/02/a-vegetable-garden-checklist/

  30. Types of biological pest control: conservation, classical biological control (importation), augmentation CONSERVATION • Protectingnatural enemies • Most pests are attacked by several different types and species of naturalenemies • theirconservation is the primary way to successfully use biological control 

  31. Ant control, habitat manipulation, and selective pesticide use are key conservationstrategies selective use of pesticides: • pesticides are toxic to natural enemies • they kill natural enemies or reduce their reproduction ability They should be applied in a selective manner. http://www.ozarkpestsolutions.com/pest_control.asp

  32. ant control: • Ants: • beneficial as consumers of weed seeds • predators of many insect pests • soil builders, and nutrient cyclers. • control methods include: cultivating soil around ant nests, encircling trunks with ant barriers, and applying insecticide baits near plants. • if ants are controlled, populations of many pests: http://www.zazzle.co.uk/happy_red_ant_cartoon_postcards-239660145106359388

  33. habitat manipulation: http://ncs1-organicfarming.blogspot.co.uk/p/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html • providing a suitable habitat to favor living & reproduction of natural enemies • gardens and landscapes should be managed • excess fertilization and irrigation should be avoided • sequentially flowering species should be planted to provide natural enemies with nectar, pollen, and shelter • low populations of plant-feeding insects and mites should be toleratedsome food is always available to retain predators and parasites

  34. IMPORTATION(CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL) • practice of importing(introducing) natural enemies to control an exotic pests • exotic pests: the ones that inadvertently been introduced from elsewhere without their natural controls • Steps: • determine the origin of the introduced pest • collect appropriate natural enemies • quarantine process • growing&multiplication of natural enemies • release http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control

  35. AUGMENTATION • supplemental release of natural enemies when their amount is insufficient • Only a few natural enemies can be effectively augmented in gardens and landscapes • Habitat or environmental manipulation: altering the cropping system to augment or enhance the effectiveness of a natural enemy

  36. Question:Is there a negative effect of biological pest control ? what can be the negative effect(s) of biological pest control? Answer: Problems can occur as a result of: predation, parasitism, pathogenicity, competition, or other attacks on non-target species.  deterioration of native ecosystem

  37. For example: “The mongoose was introduced to Hawaii in order to control the rat population. However it preyed on the endemic birds of Hawaii, especially their eggs, more often than it ate the rats”. http://www.zoochat.com/198/yellow-mongoose-215788/

  38. MECHANICAL & PHYSICAL PEST MANAGEMENT

  39. https://pbs.twimg.com/media/A_HXiJKCYAASeNw.jpg

  40. MechanicalControl • Toprovide a protective barrier between plants and insects. PhysicalControl • Getting rid of insects to protect crops

  41. Row Covers http://imgsrv.gardening.ktsa.com/image/ktsag/UserFiles/Image/F-Images/floating%20row%20cover.jpg

  42. Merit • increasing soil and air temperature • reducing wind damage • providing a physical barrier againstpests. • non-toxic with no residues

  43. Drawback • Labor intensive in windy air • Cannot prevent pests from soil • Prevent pollunation

  44. Handpicking • Traps and Attrachtants • Insect vacuum

  45. Insecticidal Soaps http://addins.kwwl.com/blogs/thedirt/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/insecticidalsoap1.jpg

  46. Merit • Control insects • Minimize plant injury • Consistent manufacture • Not fatal for benefical insects

  47. Drawback • Increased risk of plant injury • Not effective against big bugs • Spider mites

  48. To Prevent Plant Injury • Dilute the solution • Wash leaves after usage

  49. Other Methods • Water pressure system • Diatomaceous Earth • Horticulture Oils

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