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CHEMISTRY BASICS

CHEMISTRY BASICS. An introduction to elements, atoms, and the periodic table. What is chemistry?. Chemistry is the science of the composition , structure , properties , and reactions of matter Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass

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CHEMISTRY BASICS

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  1. CHEMISTRY BASICS An introduction to elements, atoms, and the periodic table

  2. What is chemistry? • Chemistry is the science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter • Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass • Matter is the physical “stuff” that makes up the universe • Chemistry looks at what matter is made of, how it is put together, what it does, and how it changes

  3. More about Matter • Matter can exist in four states: • 1. Solid = particles are held tightly in place; has a definite volume and shape • On the big periodic table the chemical symbols colored blackare solid at room temperature The ship is solid – it will not take the shape of the bottle

  4. More about Matter • 2. Liquid = particles slide past each other; changes shape, but not volume • On the big periodic table the chemical symbols colored blueare liquid at room temperature There will be about 100 mL of toxic red juice no matter what container you pour the juice into

  5. More about Matter • 3. Gas = particles move independently of one another; changes shape and volume • On the big periodic table the chemical symbols colored redare a gas at room temperature The clear symbols on the periodic table are generated in laboratory situations

  6. More about Matter • 4. Plasma = ionized gas (this means it conducts electricity) whose particles have broken apart; has no definite shape or volume • Although abundant in stars, this state of matter isn’t very common on Earth

  7. Elements • All matter is made of different combinations of elements • An element is: a pure substance that cannot be separated into a simpler substance by physical (melting, cooling, cutting, etc.) or chemical (causing a reaction to occur) means

  8. More on Elements • The periodictablelists all the known elements in the universe and organizes them based on similar propertiesand structure • Remember, all matter is made from the elements you see listed on the periodic table • Your body is a combination of mostly:O, C, H, N, Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg, S, Fe, and I

  9. What is an element made of? • Elements are built from atoms • An atom is: the building block of matter; the smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of the element • The name comes from atomos = Greek for indivisible • Atoms are tiny! Average-sized atoms have a diameter of about 0.00000003 cm • To help you picture this, an ordinary penny has about 2 x 1022 atoms in it – that is 20,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms! I’m rich in atoms!!!

  10. The anatomy of an atom • 1. Nucleus – the center of the atom where protons (positively charged particles) and neutrons (particles with no charge) are found • 2. Electrons – negativelycharged particles that move around the nucleus Neutrons Electrons Protons

  11. The anatomy of an atom • The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons determine how the element will react and what properties it has • Atoms have no net electrical charge (no overall charge). This means that the number of protons equals the number of electrons

  12. The anatomy of an atom

  13. Your New Friend the Periodic Table… • The elements are organized on the periodic table based on how closely they are related. • Elements in a columnare known as a groupor family. They have similar properties and a similar pattern to their structure. • Understanding where an element is located in the periodic table allows us to understand how it might reactand possible uses. • Each row is called a period. As you go left to right across the periodic table, the atomicnumbers increase by 1 and the atomicmass increases

  14. More Periodic Table Goodness 6 C Carbon 12.0 This is the atomic #. It equals the number of protons.

  15. More Periodic Table Goodness 6 C Carbon 12.0 This is the chemicalsymbol. One letter chemical symbols are capitalized. If there are two letters, the first is capitalized and the second is not. Co = the element cobalt CO = carbon monoxide; not an element

  16. More Periodic Table Goodness 6 C Carbon 12.0 This is the elementname.

  17. More Periodic Table Goodness 6 C Carbon 12.0 This is the atomic mass or mass number. It equals the average number of protons and neutrons (the # of neutrons can vary, but proton # cannot).

  18. More Periodic Table Goodness 6 C Carbon 12.0 Atoms with the same # of protons but different #s of neutrons are called isotopes. Remember, because an atom has no net charge, the number of protons will equal the number of electrons. How many electrons does an atom of carbon have? 6

  19. More Periodic Table Tidbits • All the elements on the periodic table are also grouped into one of these three large categories: • Metals • Nonmetals • Metalloids

  20. Metals • Properties: • Shiny • Conduct heat and electricity • Malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets) • Ductile (can be stretched into wires)

  21. Metals • Examples: • Copper (Cu), Gold (Au), and Iron (Fe)

  22. Metals • Location on the periodic table: • All of groups 2-12 and some elements in group 1, 13, 14, 15, and 16 • See pages 126-127 in textbook

  23. Nonmetals • Properties: • Dull • Poor conductors • Unmalleable (cannot be hammered into thin sheets) • Brittle

  24. Nonmetals • Examples: • Sulfur (S), Iodine (I), and Carbon (C)

  25. Nonmetals • Location on the periodic table: • All of groups 17 and 18 • H • Some in groups 14, 15, and 16 • See pages 126-127 in textbook

  26. Metalloids • Properties: • Varies with element • Possess properties of both metals and nonmetals

  27. Metalloids • Examples: • Silicon (Si), Boron (B), and Arsenic (As)

  28. Metalloids • Location on the periodic table: • All metalloids sit right around the “blue line” on the periodic table • B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te • See pages 126-127 in textbook

  29. Some nice links to periodic table info. • http://www.webelements.com/ • http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/pertable_fla.htm • http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html • Ms. VH’s web site has more links too!

  30. Bibliography • http://www.hollywoodheroes.com/images/piratessmall.jpg (slide 3) • http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/physics/forces/images/gaspressure.jpg (slide 5) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_2.jpg (slide 6) • http://www.theoutletseason.com/trade/images/plasma_tv_category/plasma_tv_category.jpg (slide 6) • http://www.csmate.colostate.edu/cltw/cohortpages/viney/atom.jpg (slide 12) • http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/july/papr/photos/copper-rock2.jpg (slide 21)http://www.jinshanmines.com/i/photos/Jinshan_GoldBar.jpg (slide 21) • http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Fe-en.htm (slide 21) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sulfur.jpg (slide 24) • http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/C-en.htm (slide 24)http://www.exmed.net/Assets/product_images/betadine_family.jpg (slide 24) • http://www.galleries.com/minerals/elements/silicon/silicon.jpg (slide 27) • http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/As-en.htm (slide 27)

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