Bio-Chemistry Basics

1. Bio-Chemistry Basics • Cells are complex chemical factories

2. What Makes Up Everything? • Everything in you and around you is made up of Elements (atoms) • Living things are made up (mostly) of CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN and PHOSPHOROUS • Mostly, CHON

3. The Principle… • Matter can not be created or destroyed • Matter can only change forms • So, how does the Oxygen we breathe in end up changing into Carbon Dioxide? • How does the Carbon Dioxide we breathe out end up in the Glucose we need? • Chemical Bonds Change…

4. Metabolic Reactions • There are many different Metabolic Reactions that occur in your body • Metabolismis the sum total (all) of the chemical reactions that go on in your body

5. Metabolic Reactions Cont’d • Your body can join two sugars together by removing a water (H2O) molecule • This is called Dehydration Synthesis (because you remove a molecule of water to BUILD a bond) • This reaction can be reversed and the sugars separated by adding water (H2O) to break the bond • This is called Hydrolysis (because you DESTROY a bond by adding water) • “LYS” = Destroy!

6. Dehydration Synthesis of Sucrose Remove Water to Form a Bond!

7. Hydrolysis of Sucrose Water is added to break the bond!

8. Which is This?

9. Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Occur ALL the Time in Your Body! • Let’s review the vocabulary words: • Metabolism • All the chemical reactions that happen in an organism • Dehydration (De: Remove Hydr: Water) • So, remove water! • Synthesis • Build/create something more complex • Hydrolysis (Hydr: Water Lys: Destroy) • Use water to break/destroy something

10. Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Occur ALL the Time in Your Body! • Enzymes are responsible for ALL chemical reactions! • They lower the “activation energy” of the reaction • Enzymes help to build complex molecules • As well as break them down • “Digest” them!

11. Metabolic Reactions • In every cell, compounds are built up and broken down by enzymes • Enzymes assist the process of making and breaking bonds • Enzymes are catalysts which control the rate of specific chemical reactions • Enzymes only work on one specific reaction • The lock and key model We will learn more about this later…

12. SUGAR! Fructose and Ribose are 5-carbon rings Glucose is a 6-carbon ring Hint…. YOU NEED TO KNOW THESE SHAPES!!!! Carbs have a “geometric shape” at their center!

13. What else is in the cell? • Other than water and organelles, what else is in the cell? • Macromolecules • Large, complex molecules • Polymers • The small subunits are called monomers • Many monomers bonded together makes a polymer 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+…..=11111 Monomers (MONO=One) Polymer (POLY=Many)

14. Organic Vs. Inorganic • Organic Molecules contain at least one Carbon atom and one Hydrogen atom together! • Carbon + Hydrogen = Organic! • Inorganic Molecules do not have both C + H together • Inorganic molecules can have one or the other, but once Carbon and Hydrogen are together… the molecule is Organic! • Is Water (H2O) organic or inorganic? _________ • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)? __________ • Glucose (C6H12O6)? __________

15. Four Basic Types of Complex Organic Molecules(aka Macromolecules) • Carbohydrates (sugars and starches) • Lipids (fats) • Proteins • Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

16. Carbohydrates • Sugars and starches • “Saccharides” • “Carbohydrate” means a “hydrated carbon” • Every carbon has a water attached • Carbohydrate rings are made of 5 or 6 carbon sugars rings • Glucose is a 6 carbon ring • Carbs are used for energy production and for structure This is Glucose C6H12O6

17. Sugars (aka saccharides) • Simple sugars, like glucose, are a single carbon ring • Glucose is the organic food molecule used by ALL living things • Inorganic molecules are converted to organic glucose through photosynthesis • Glucose is used by EVERY organism to make ATP (the energy molecule) • Ribose and Deoxyribose sugars are part of RNA and DNA • They are 5 carbon sugars

18. Sugars • Disaccharides are two simple sugars joined together • Most of the sweet things we eat are disaccharides: table sugar is sucrose -> glucose joined to fructose (fructose is the sugar found in corn). • Lactose, milk sugar, is a glucose joined to another simple sugar called galactose. • Maltose, malt sugar, is what yeast converts to ethanol when beer is brewed. Notice anything about the “ending” of the names of sugars? They usually end with the letters _______

19. Complex Carbohydrates • Are polysaccharides (many sugars linked together) • Macromolecules • Large molecules • Animals store excess sugar as glycogen • Plants store excess sugar as cellulose • We don’t have enzymes that can digest cellulose • Think about corn kernels!

20. Lipids • Lipids are the main component of cell membranes • Also used for energy storage • 4 main types: • fats (energy storage) • phospholipids (cell membranes) • waxes (waterproofing) • steroids (hormones)

21. Fats • Triglycerides are the main type of fat in our bodies • A triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol Kinda looks like the letter “E”

22. Phospholipids Phospholipids make up cell membranes Made of a Phosphate group, Glycerol and 2 fatty acids

23. Steroids and Waxes (Examples of Lipids) • Steroids are hydrocarbons with the carbon atoms arranged in a set of 4 linked rings. • Cholesterol is found naturally in cell membranes. But, too much of it in the blood can clog blood vessels. • Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol. • Waxes: waterproof coating on plants and animals. • Where do WE have wax?

24. Proteins • The most important type of macromolecule! • Structure: collagen in skin, keratin in hair, crystallin in eyes • Protein makes you – YOU! • Enzymes: all metabolic reactions -- building up, rearranging, and breaking down organic compounds -- are done by enzymes

25. Amino Acids • Amino Acids are the subunits (monomers) of proteins. • Proteins are long chains of amino acids • There are 20 different kinds of amino acids. • Each one has a different head (the “R group”) attached to it What’s it look like???

26. Protein Structure • A protein is sometimes called a polypeptide • Special “Peptide Bonds” hold the amino acids together in the chain • After the ribosome makes the polypeptide, they fold into a shape which allows them to be work correctly • The proper shape is super important for proteins • Denaturation destroys the shape of the protein • Denaturation is caused by pH and/or temperature What happened inside of Frank from Osmosis Jones?

27. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids store genetic information in the cell • Two types of nucleic acid: • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Each “nucleotide” has 3 parts: a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. • Nucleotides are the subunits (monomers) of nucleic acids What’s it look like??

28. DNA and RNA • DNA uses 4 different bases: • -adenine (A) ALL • -thymine (T) THUGS • -cytosine (C) CARRY • -guanine (G) GUNS • RNA consists of 4 bases also, but, the thymine in DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA: • -adenine (A) ALL • -uracil (U) UNDERACHIEVERS • -cytosine (C) CAN’T • -guanine (G) GRADUATE

29. DNA • The order of the 4 bases in a chain of DNA determines the genetic information. • DNA has 2 complementary chains twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. • DNA is found in the nucleus of every cell. • And every single cell in your body has the SAME DNA!

30. RNA • RNA is a COPY of the DNA code • RNA consists of a single chain (which can pass through the nuclear membrane to attach to a Ribosome) • What does the Ribosome do????? • MAKE PROTEIN! • Why do you think RNA can pass through the nuclear membrane, but DNA can't?????