Lecture 1 Introduction & Overview “ Road Map Ahead ”

1. Lecture 1Introduction & Overview“Road Map Ahead” Who are we? What is “quantum optics/photonics” cf. FQ (M. Fox “Quantum Optics”) Chap 1. Course overview Course policy Learning resources

2. Instructor: Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu) PHYSICS*ECE*Birck Nanotechnology Center Office hr by appt. (F) or after W class Solid state/nano physics Nanoscience & nanotechnology AMO/quantum physics TA: Robert Niffenegger (rniffene@purdue.edu)

3. Who are you? • Please briefly tell us: • Your name • Department/major • Year • Research Group (if any) • Current research area (brief) • Anything else (brief) to help remember you 9:25 Please fill out the class survey (HWK#1)

4. Why do we have this course • I want to learn it • You want to learn it (presumably) • There is so much (new) to learn • Foundation/connection to important current physics & ECE fields (AMO/solid state/(quantum) photonics/QI-QC) • Quantum optics/photonics in Purdue --- One of Purdue’s new “preeminent” initiative

5. https://engineering.purdue.edu/~shalaev/quant_phot/ Watch out for seminars!

6. Related Purdue Research Groups/Faculty AMO Physics: http://www.physics.purdue.edu/research/amo.shtml ECE Field and Optics: https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECE/People/Faculty/Areas/?area_id=2591 CHEM Physical Chemistry http://www.chem.purdue.edu/pchem/default.asp Birck Nanophotonics/optics: http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/nanotechnology/research-nanophotonics.php

7. What is “quantum optics”? [Class discussion]

8. Optics: what is light? • Classical Optics • Newton etc: (classical) particle (“corpuscular”)/ray theory • Huygens-Young (interference)-Fresnel (diffraction)- Maxwell • wave optics • Birth of photons --- (1st) birth of “quantum optics) • Planck’s photon (light quantum) • Wave-particle duality (DeBroglie etc.) … Lec 2 will review some basics Prerequisite 1: Classical Optics eg. PHYS 322/422 (E.Hecht “optics”), ME587, or some photonics course (or at least a good E&M, PHYS 272H/330/430) eg. D.Griffiths “Intro electrodynamics”; E. Purcell’s E&M; Feynman Lec. Vol 2; etc.

9. Quantum • Birth of Quantum Mechanics/Physics is also (1st) birth of quantum optics • Planck’s photons (blackbody radiation, quantized energy of light) • Einstein’s Photoelectric effect (photoemission/photodetection) • Compton scattering (light-electron scattering) • Formulation of quantum mechanics: Schrodinger/Heisenberg • [quantize electron motion --- foundation to atomic & solid state physics] • Quantum Field Theory/quantum electrodynamics (QED): Dirac etc. • [quantize E&M (and other) fields --- foundation to modern q. optics] Subtlety: these phenom. do not directly prove quantum nature of photons (rather some quantum nature of light-matter interaction) Lec 3 will review some basics Prerequisite 2: Quantum mechanics (or at least a good modern physics) eg. D.Griffiths “Intr. quantum mechanics”; Liboff “Quantum Mechanics”; Cohen-Tannoudji “Quantum Mechanics 1” Krane “Modern physics”

10. Some milestones/key experiments in QO (FQ) 2nd birth quantum optics

11. Quantum optics (narrow definition): Study of photons (quantum nature) photon quantum states (eg. coherent/squeezed/ /number states) quantum correlation & statistics quantum entanglement  quantum information/communication/computing But we will adopt a broader definition

12. Light-Matter Interaction (light cannot be studied alone) Quantum optics (broadly defined): Light (radiation) & light-matter interaction where quantum physics matters [further generalization: extend from light to other waves (including matter/particle waves)] X (light or other particles) matter Light (out) Light (in) Quantum photonics: Quantum optics applications & devices Y (light or other particles)

13. This captures many (all) phenomena Light

14. This captures many (all) phenomena Quantum optics (broadly defined): Light (radiation) & light-matter interaction where quantum physics matters [further generalization: extend from light to other waves (including matter/particle waves)] • What’s the “Matter”: • Atom • Electron • Solid … • Vacuum (really?) matter Light (out) Light (in) Emission, Laser… Photoelectric/ photodetection Y (eg. electron)

15. And many combinations of processes (including “nonlinear/high order” processes) Quantum optics (broadly defined): Light (radiation) & light-matter interaction where quantum physics matters [further generalization: extend from light to other waves (including matter/particle waves)] X (light or other particles) Matter Light (out) Light (in) • Light can also control & create new matter Quantum photonics: Quantum optics applications & devices Y (light or other particles)

16. Different Levels of “quantum”

17. Some milestones/key experiments in QO (FQ) 2nd birth quantum optics Rapid expansion Esp. l-m interaction Many more…. Suggested Paper Topic (undergrad): any of these [review original paper+impact]

18. Photons (E&M wave) Electrons (charge) Atoms, solids, and their excited states/excitations (phonons, excitons…)

19. Applications Metrology, Sensing/imaging, Quantum info/ Communication/ Computing, Quantum Control, Chemical phys, Nanomaterials, Condensed Matter, Energy, Astrophys. Biophys. … Light-solid Interaction Scattering (Raman & elastic..), Absorption/ Excitation/ Photoelectron/ Photovoltaic, Luminescence.. Electron dynamics, cQED/optomech., q. optics of electrons … Atom optics Quantum optics “quantum” foundation http://info.phys.unm.edu/~ideutsch/Classes/Phys566F13/index.htm

20. Old course name: “coherent optics” and “quantum electronics” • Coherent optics: when phase of light is important • May be quantum or classical (Fourier optics; holography; statistical optics/speckles) • most phase-coherent light  laser (quantum) • Quantum electronics (old name): lasers (today would be quantum photonics) --- eg. IEEE Quantum Electronics (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=3)

21. About this course Prerequisites: Classical Optics eg. E.Hecht “optics” (or at least a good E&M) eg. D.Griffiths “Intro electrodynamics”; E. Purcell’s E&M; Feynman Lec. Vol 2. Quantum mechanics (or at least a good modern physics) eg. D.Griffiths “Intr. quantum mechanics” Krane “Modern physics” Review in Lec 2. Review in Lec 3. Also very helpful to know basics in atomic physics and solid state physics (will be reviewed as we go)

22. Connections with Other Purdue Courses Related Purdue Courses: PHYS322 (PHYS32200) Optics ECE 41200 - Introduction to Engineering Optics ECE 41400 - Elements of Electro And Fiber Optics ECE 55200 - Introduction to Lasers ECE 61500 - Nonlinear Optics ECE 61600 - Ultrafast Optics ECE 650R - Light Emitting Diodes More optics: https://engineering.purdue.edu/~fsoptics/opticscourses.htm PHYS570S --- Topics in Atomic Theory

23. Course Outline Part 1: basic review: Optics+Quantum; Part 2: Basic Light-matter interaction; laser; Part 3: Quantum Optics of photons Part 4: More advanced light-matter interaction Part 5: Quantum information/photonics/ applications Subject to change; Check updates on course web/wiki

24. Textbook 1: M. Fox “Quantum Optics” (Oxford) “FQ” We’ll cover most of FQ Available online from Purdue Library Website

25. Textbook 2: M. Fox “Optical Properties of Solids” (2nd ed, Oxford) “FS” We’ll cover a good portion of FS + selected modern topics Online pdf (1st ed) seems to be available (google)

26. Nanomaterials: (much less known) middle ground Example of carbon Solid molecule

27. Other Supplemental Texts Supplemental texts and references: 3) GS Agarwal, Quantum Optics (Cambridge 2013) 4) Werner Lauterborn,Thomas Kurz. Coherent Optics: Fundamentals and Applications. (Springer, 2002) 5) P. Meystre and M Sargent, Elements in Quantum optics, 4th ed (Springer 2007) 6) Safa O. Kasap, Optoelectronics & Photonics: Principles & Practices (2nd ed, 2012) *7) Simon Hooker, Colin Webb, Laser Physics (Oxford, 2010) *8) Claus F. Klingshirn, Semiconductor Optics (4th ed, Springer 2012) 9) L. Novotny & B Hecht, Principles of Nano-optics (2nd ed, 2012) The above books (and 2 main texts) are available in Course Reserve in PHYS Library. (do not checkout for long term/pls return asap) *Available online from PU Library Web/PUnet-connected computers

28. Additional Reference Books Quantum Optics Gilbert Grynberg, Alain Aspect, Claude Fabre, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Introduction to Quantum Optics: From the Semi-classical Approximation (2010) [book by some masters] C. Gerry & P. Knight, Introductory Quantum Optics --slightly more on theory side, knight is well known expert R. Loudon, The quantum theory of light --- slightly old, also slightly emphasizing theory more M.Scully & MS.Zubairy, Quantum optics --- by leading QO expert, but less suitable of textbook L.Mandel & E.Wolf: Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics .. handbook & encyclopedia JS Peng, Introduction To Modern Quantum Optics (1998) Photonics/Lasers: Bahaa E. A. Saleh and Malvin Carl Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics (2nd ed, 2007) --- classic large comprehensive book on photonics, good handy ref RS Quimby (RPI), Photonics and Lasers: An Introduction – shorter than ST, but seems a good photonics book Siegman’s Lasers: big book classic Orazio Svelto, Principles of Lasers (5th ed): good comprehensive text explaining lasers AMO physics: Christ Foot, Atomic Physics Solid state physics: C. Kittel, Intro to Solid State Physics Some classics on light-materials interaction: JI Pankove, Optical Processes in Semiconductors W Hayes and R Loudon, Scattering of Light by Crystals

29. Some online course notes/texts on quantum optics http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~jmjk/keeling/teaching/quantum-optics.pdf http://atomoptics.uoregon.edu/~dsteck/teaching/quantum-optics/quantum-optics-notes.pdf http://info.phys.unm.edu/~ideutsch/classes/phys566f08/index.htm http://www.matthiaspospiech.de/files/studium/skripte/QOscript.pdf

30. Related Courses in Other Places 1) ETH (A.Imamoglu) http://www.quantumphotonics.ethz.ch/education/quantum_optics 2) Caltech (Jeff Kimble) http://www.its.caltech.edu/~qoptics/ph135b/ 3) Harvard (M. Lukin) http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k97682 4) http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-453-quantum-optical-communication-fall-2008/index.htm 6) http://quantuminformation.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/teaching/ https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/ece531/default.htm 7) http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k97682

31. Course Web & Wiki • Course website http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/ • Syllabus, Lecture notes, homework etc (course material) • Course wiki https://qopticsphotonics.wikispaces.com/ • Upload student work: lecture notes, essay • Post interesting seminar info • Share other links/articles/news of interests

32. Course Requirement & Grading Components 1) Homework (approximately every 1-2 weeks): 30 points 2) Papers/Projects: 30 points consisting of 2 parts (15 pts each): 2a) a lecture notes (review article style) for an assigned lecture and upload to wiki within 2 weeks from the assigned lecture (every student will be assigned to 1lecture based on class list, see wiki); 2b) a paper reviewing either a classic experiment/milestone achievement (before 2002) [undergrad only] or a topic not covered in lectures (eg. one from a relevant seminar), or a current frontier area/topic of your interest. You can find suggested topic in lecture slides though you are not limited to them. I encourage you to check with me about your topic and not to wait to the last week to upload so you may be selected for presentation. Revision can be made till last class. 3) Final Exam: 30 pts 4) Class Participation/Service (10pts) that can be earned in several ways (extra will be bonus): 4a) Occasional in class quizzes (1 pt for each problem); 4b) great question/comment/correct a non-trivial mistake in lecture (0.5-1 pt per incidence); 4c) Attend one of the eligible related seminars (see list under Wiki/Seminars) and have either speaker/host sign a form [see wiki] after the talk to prove your attendance (1 pt for each seminar attended); 4d) Give a 10-15 min presentation on your paper/research, or volunteer to teach a topic or explain a concept of interest that may fit into a given lecture (5 pt per presentation, consult with instructor to schedule) 4e) Other service that enhances class learning; eg. offer to give a lab tour to class members of your research lab (5 pts; must be approved of both your lab supervisor & Prof. Chen) Final Grade: A (>85); B(>70); C(>55); D(>40); [typical sufficient condition, subject to minor change]

33. Other Learning Resources: Seminars Important supplement to the lectures! (some more guest speakers will be invited) • Physics Colloquium • Condensed Matter physics seminars • AMO physics seminars (occasional) • AMO physics faculty candidate talks • Quantum photonics faculty candidate talks • Physical Chemistry seminars • Select Birck/ECE seminars check corresponding departmental websites as well as course Wiki (seminars not listed in wiki can earn pt if approved by instructor)

34. Other Learning Resources: Journals • Nature/NatureX (esp. Nature Photonics)/Science • PRL relevant sections (general-quantum information/AMO/optics/condensed matter) • PRA • Optics Letters/Express • JOSA-B (J Opt. Soc. America) • IEEE Quantum electronics

35. Other Learning Resources: Conferences/Workshops/tutorials • APS DAMOP • OSA’s Frontier in Optics (FiO)/Laser Sciences (LS) • CLEO/QELS • Physics of Quantum Electronics (PQE) • SPIE’s Photonics **** Some notable previous workshops/summer schools: http://www.acqao.org/workshops/summerschool_2004_canb.htm http://www.cft.edu.pl/QuantumOpticsVI/lectures.html http://quantum.nasa.gov/agenda.html

36. Some Research Groups/Centers in QO/QP • Max-Planck Institute QO: http://www.mpq.mpg.de • Vienna (http://vcq.quantum.at/) and Innsbruck • JILA (NIST-Colorado), CUA (MIT-Harvard), JQI (NIST-Maryland) • ETH: A. Imamoglu etc. • Harvard: M.Lukin etc. • Stanford (Yamamoto, Vuckovic etc.) • Caltech (J. Kimble, O. Painter etc.) • … many more (just google quantum optics or quantum photonics) See comprehensive list under http://www.quantumoptics.net/ and updated lists under course wiki/link & things of interest

37. Some major QO/QP/QI Research Centers in the world • JQI, Joint Quantum Institute (U. Maryland & NIST), USA • JILA (UCol & NIST), Boulder, USA • CUA, Center for Ultra cold Atoms, Harvard – MIT, USA • MPQ, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany • ICFO, The Institute of Photonics Sciences, Barcelona, Spain • IQOQI, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Innsbruck, Austria • CQT, Center for Quantum Technologies, Singapore • ARC, Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Australia • IQC, Institute for Quantum Computing Waterloo, Canada • QUANTOP – QDEV , Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen Why the top 1-5? Who are the current leaders? QUANTOP IQOQI IQC MPQ NIST ICFO CUA JQI CQT ARC Placing PURDUE on the QUANTUM MAP!

38. Next Lecture • Lecture 2: Review key concepts from classical optics (cf. *FQ Chap2; also of interests: *FS Chap 1-2; *E. Hecht, Optics (esp. Chap 8 on polarization) *Lauterborn & Kurz, Coherent Optics, Chap 1-3)

39. Image Sources/Credits http://physics.illinois.edu/people/profile.asp?kwiat http://www.quantum-munich.de/media/atomlaser/ http://chems.usc.edu/faculty_staff/armani.htm http://eandt.theiet.org/news/2011/dec/quantum-chip.cfm http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/6/1/096/fulltext/ http://xqp.physik.uni-muenchen.de/research/photonic_ent/multiphoton/index.html http://phys.org/news/2013-05-photonic-quantum-brighter-future.html http://www.ccqed.eu/ http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/oct/09/quantum-control-pioneers-bag-2012-nobel-prize-for-physics http://www.uibk.ac.at/th-physik/qo/research/polarmolecules.html http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/staff/academic/szymanska/research/polaritonbec/ http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/focus/Focus%20on%20Cavity%20and%20Circuit%20Quantum%20Electrodynamics%20in%20Solids http://www.rle.mit.edu/altering-organic-molecules-interaction-with-light/ http://jqi.umd.edu/news/miniaturizing-delay-lines http://www.nist.gov/pml/div684/grp04/quantum_computation_simulation_neutral_atoms.cfm

40. Matter (atom) Light Light