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Integumentary System

Integumentary System. Skin and Its Appendages Anatomy & Physiology. Skin or Integument. Largest organ in the body Integumentary System: denotes the skin and its appendages. Structure of the skin. Layers of the skin. Epidermis : Outer, thinner layer

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Integumentary System

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  1. Integumentary System Skin and Its Appendages Anatomy & Physiology

  2. Skin or Integument • Largest organ in the body • Integumentary System: denotes the skin and its appendages

  3. Structure of the skin

  4. Layers of the skin • Epidermis: Outer, thinner layer • Dermis: Thicker layer, connective tissue • Hypodermis: Subcutaneous layer, superficial fascia

  5. Thick Skin • Refers to epidermal layer only • Found: palms of hands, soles of feet, fingertips • Each of the 5 layers present • Dermal papillae: fingerprints • No hair

  6. Cell Types of Epidermis • Keratinocytes: contain keratin, make up 90% of epidermal cells • Melanocytes: contribute color to skin • Langerhanscells: immunological reactions in skin

  7. Cell Layers of Epidermis • Stratum corneum • Stratum lucidum • Stratum granulosum • Stratum spinosum • Stratum basale

  8. Stratum corneum (horny layer) • Flat thin squamous cells • Surface cells dead & continually being shed • Cytoplasm in cells replaced by keratin • Desmosomes hold cells together • Barrier layer of the skin

  9. Stratum lucidum (clear layer) • Nuclei absent • Cells contain eleidin which will be transformed to keratin • Blocks water penetration or loss • Absent from thin skin

  10. Stratum granulosum (granular layer) • Keratinization begins • 2-4 layers deep • Maybe absent in thin skin • Cells filled with granules called keratohyalin

  11. Stratum spinosum (spiny layer) • 8-10 layers with prominent desmosomes which appear spiny under a microscope • Cells rich in RNA

  12. Stratum basale (base layer) • Single layer of columnar cells • Only cells which undergo mitosis • Cells migrate from basal layer thru the outer layers

  13. Dermal-Epidermal Junction • Contains basement membrane • Also contains a polysaccharide gel that “glues” 2 layers together

  14. Dermis • Thin papillary layer & thick reticular layer • Thickest on soles & palms • Thinnest on eyelids & penis • Mechanical strength of skin

  15. Papillary layer • Forms the bumps, dermal papillae which project into epidermis • Allows us to grip surfaces & creates fingerprints

  16. Reticular layer • More dense collagen & elastic fibers • Serves as point of attachment for muscle fibers • Skeletal muscle: muscles of facial expression • Smooth muscle: arrectorpili muscles on hair follicles

  17. Skin Color • Determined by quantity of melanin in cells of epidermis • All races have about the same number of melanocytes but differ in amount of melanin produced • Sun can increase melanin production

  18. Functions of skin • Protection • Sensation • Movement without injury • Vitamin D production • Excretion • Immunity • Temperature regulation

  19. Heat Loss • Evaporation • Radiation • Conduction • Convection

  20. Burns • Predict body surface area to determine how much fluid to replace: • Rule of palms (1%) • Rule of nines

  21. First degree burn • Involves only the epidermis • No blistering or scarring • Sunburn • Reddening of the skin, mild discomfort

  22. Second degree burn • Involves epidermis & dermis • Blistering, pain, swelling • May scar

  23. Third degree burn • Destruction of epidermis & dermis, may involve underlying tissue • Severe scarring

  24. Appendages of the skin • Hair • Nails • Skin glands

  25. Hair • Lanugo hair: fine hair covering fetus • Vellus hair: replacement for lanugo hair, first appears on scalp, eyelids, eyebrows • Terminal hair: Coarse hair that replaces vellus hair-axillary, pubic, beard, chest & hair on arms & legs in men

  26. Hair follicle • Stratum germinativum develops into follicle's inner layer and forms the germinal matrix • Small mound of dermis protruding into germinal matrix is the papilla (contains blood capillaries)

  27. Nails

  28. Parts of the Nail Matrix- the thickened, proximal area of the nail that is responsible for growth Bed- the hard translucent visible part of the nail Root- the point of attachment under the skin Cuticle- the layer of skin that prevents dirt and bacteria from getting into the nail bed Free Body- the end of the nail that is not connected to the skin

  29. Glands • Sweat or sudoriferous glands • Eccrine sweat gland • Apocrine sweat glands • Sebaceous glands • Ceruminous glands

  30. Eccrine sweat glands • Most numerous • Over most of the body • Secretory portion located in the subcutaneous tissue • Simple coiled tubular gland

  31. Apocrine Sweat glands • Found in armpit, areola of breast, around the anus • Large than eccrine • Connected with hair follicles

  32. Sebaceous glands • Secrete sebum into each follicle

  33. Ceruminous glands • Modification of apocrine sweat glands • Open into ears • Produce cerumen

  34. Image Citations • Slide 1: cross section of skin, 7/12/06, http://vilenski.org/science/humanbody/hb_html/skin.html • Slide 3: Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy & Physiology, Seventeenth Edition by Thibodeau & Patton, Chapter 6. • Slide 5: Thick skin, 7/30/06, http://erl.pathology.iupui.edu/HISTO/LABE151.HTM • Slide 6: Melanocytes, 7/30/06, http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Integumentary/Integum.htm • Slide 7: Thick skin trichrome, 7/30/06, http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Integumentary/Integum.htm • Slide 8: Slide 43, Thick skin, 7/30/06, http://w3.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/43_09.jpg • Slide 9: Stratum lucidum human foot, 7/30/06, http://oregonstate.edu/~hanba/Projector%20Slides/Projector%20Slides/Skin%20Stratum%20Lucidum%20Human%20Foot-2.jpg • Slide 10: Stratum granulosum, 7/30/06, http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/Labs.f04/Lab14/s31.100x.i3.jpg • Slide 11: Stratum spinosum, 7/30/06, http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/Labs.f04/Lab14/s31.100x.i2.jpg • Slide 12: Stratum basale, 7/30/06, http://online-media.uni-marburg.de/histologie/introhis/HIS/skin/skin06.gif • Slide 14: Dermis, 7/30/06, http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/dermatology/dermis.htm • Slide 15: Dermis, 7/30/06, http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/skin/wp_images/7%20dermis.jpg • Slide 16: 7/30/06, http://www.potterleague.org/Potter_Kids_Final/pet_body_lang.htm

  35. Image Citations • Slide 20: Wallace’s rule of nines, 7/30/06, http://www.sunmed.org/burns.html • Slide 21: First degree burn, 7/30/06, http://www.grossmanburncenter.com/orig-site/web/care/causes.htm • Slide 22: Burn symptoms, 7/30/06, http://www.maggiessecret.com.au/burns-scalds.aspx • Slide 23: Third degree burn, 7/30/06, http://www.grossmanburncenter.com/orig-site/web/care/causes.htm • Slide 26: Thibodeau & Patton, Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy & Physiology, Seventeenth Edition. • Slide 27: Thin Skin, 7/30/06, http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Integumentary/hair_follicle_100x_PA112040labeled.JPG • Slide 28: Sebaceous gland and shaft of hair follicle, 7/30/06, http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/ms/resources/anatomy/histologyimages/t146.html • Slide 29: “Structure of nails”, Thibodeau & Patton, Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy & Physiology, Seventeenth Edition. • Slide 31: “Skin Glands”, Thibodeau & Patton, Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy & Physiology, Seventeenth Edition. • Slide 32: Dermis (Apocrine sweat glands), 7/30/06, http://www3.umdnj.edu/histsweb/lab11/lab11apocrine.html

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