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When the Emperor Was Divine

When the Emperor Was Divine. Japanese Internment. Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the Japanese. Anti-Japanese sentiments have existed in the United States for several decades prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor.

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When the Emperor Was Divine

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  1. When the Emperor Was Divine Japanese Internment

  2. Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the Japanese • Anti-Japanese sentiments have existed in the United States for several decades prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. • On December 7, 1941, the United States naval base Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japan, resulting in the U.S. entry into WWII. • During that time, more than 119,000 people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, were living in California, Washington, and Oregon.

  3. Executive Order No. 9066 • President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9066 in February of 1942. • Executive Order No. 9066 empowered the U.S. Army to designate areas from which "any or all persons may be excluded." • The attack of Pearl Harbor shocked the American public, resulting in widespread hysteria and paranoia.

  4. Executive Order No. 9066 • ordered Japanese on West Coast to internment camps • poor camp conditions • psychological trauma; • economic loss • Supreme Court upheld • camps • February 1942

  5. Personal Account • “ I remember my mother wrapping a blanket around me and my pretending to fall asleep so she would be happy, though I was so excited I couldn't sleep.  I hear there were people herded into the HastingsParklike cattle.  Families were made to move in two hours.  Abandoned everything, leaving pets and possessions at gun point . . . ." • — Joy Kogawa

  6. Internment • Those of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast were to be relocated. • Internment refers to the forced imprisonment and relocation of a group of people.

  7. Internment • Fear of disloyalty on the part of any Issei or Nisei was common among many Americans. • Issei: those born in Japan, regarded by the U.S. government as ineligible for U.S. citizenship. • Nisei: those born to Japan parents, thus U.S. citizens. • 1/3 of the population of Hawaii was comprised of those of Japanese descent, thus many of them were not interned, however the islands were placed under martial law. • Xenophobia: an unreasonable fear, distrust, or hatred of strangers, foreigners, or anything perceived as foreign or different.

  8. Internment • Japanese assets were frozen after the attack on Pearl Harbor, making it difficult for many Japanese Americans to move from the West Coast. • March 2, 1942Gen. John L. DeWitt issues Public Proclamation No. 1 which creates Military Areas Nos. 1 and 2. Military Area No. 1 includes the western portion of California, Oregon and Washington, and part of Arizona. Military Area No. 2 includes the rest of these states. The proclamation also hints that people might be excluded from Military Area No. 1.

  9. Internment • March 18, 1942The president signs Executive Order 9102 establishing the War Relocation Authority (WRA) with Milton Eisenhower as director. It is allocated $5.5 million. • March 21, 1942The first advance groups of Japanese American "volunteers" arrive at Manzanar, CA. The WRA would take over on June 1 and transform it into a "relocation center."

  10. Civilian Exclusion • March 24, 1942The first Civilian Exclusion Order issued by the Army is issued for the Bainbridge Island area near Seattle. The forty-five families there are given one week to prepare. By the end of October, 108 exclusion orders would be issued, and all Japanese Americans in Military Area No. 1 and the California portion of No. 2 would be incarcerated

  11. War Relocation Authority (WRA) Centers

  12. Life in Internment Camps • "In the detention centers, families lived in substandard housing, had inadequate nutrition and health care, and had their livelihoods destroyed: many continued to suffer psychologically long after their release" - "Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians"

  13. Life in Manzanar

  14. Loyalty Questionnaire In January 1943, federal officials announced that Japanese Americans, including those held in incarceration camps, would be allowed to volunteer for a racially segregated U.S. Army unit. In February 1943, the U.S. War Department and the War Relocation Authority (WRA) decided to test the loyalty of all people of Japanese ancestry who were incarcerated in the WRA camps. They required all those 17 years of age and older to answer a questionnaire that became known as the "loyalty questionnaire." Their answers would be used to decide whether they were loyal or disloyal to the United States.

  15. Question #27 asked:Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty, wherever ordered? • Response to the questionnaire was mixed. Many found the questions confusing. During World War II, women, the elderly, and resident aliens were generally not expected to serve in the armed forces. However, they were required to answer Question #27. Women and the elderly issei wondered what would happen if they answered "no" to #27.

  16. Question #28 asked:Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any and all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance to the Japanese Emperor or any other foreign government, power, or organization? Government officials decided that a "yes" response to question #28 indicated loyalty and a "no" response indicated disloyalty to the United States Question #28 is sometimes referred to as the "loyalty oath.“ Question #28 was particularly difficult for the immigrant issei to answer. Since U.S. law did not allow any Japanese immigrants to become naturalized U.S. citizens, answering "yes" to question #28 would mean they were in danger of losing their Japanese citizenship, leaving them without legal status in any country. Therefore, some issei answered "no" to #28 to avoid becoming stateless people.

  17. 1945: Camps Close • U.S. Compensation for Japanese Americans • 1968: reimbursed for lost property, income • 1988: surviving internees receive $20,000 • (60,000 left)

  18. Compensation • In 1988, Congress implemented the Civil Liberties Act, apologizing on behalf of the nation for the "grave injustice" done to persons of Japanese ancestry. Congress declared that the internments had been "motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and authorized $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who had suffered injustices during World War II.

  19. Letter Sent to Japanese Americans In 1990 from President Bush Sr.

  20. Identity • According to Carla Kaplan, “personal identity is often assumed to mediate between social identities and make sense of them” (123). • “An ‘identity crisis’ is a crisis rather than an ‘identity opportunity’ because personal identity demands proper and unimpeded expression. It is a value, something we prize. This sense of identity as ours implies an immutable essence unchanged by physical development or external circumstances” (Kaplan 123).

  21. Family • Japanese values • group orientation • politeness • harmony • American values • individual achievement • directness • material success

  22. Commonly Asked Questions • When was Pearl Harbor? How did this change how Americans viewed Japanese Americans at that time? • December 7, 1941/Japanese-Americans were viewed suspiciously after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. • Summarize the Executive Order No. 9066. What did this order cause? • FDR authorized the Secretary of War to define military areas and protect those areas against espionage and sabotage. This caused the Japanese-Americans to be separated from the general population away from these military areas. • What were the internment camps? • The places where the Japanese-Americans were relocated and confined away from the military areas on the West Coast.

  23. Commonly Asked Questions • What were the conditions there? • Overcrowded, poor living conditions, people lived in tarpaper shacks of simple construction and temperatures in the desert area varied from extreme heat to extreme cold, no plumbing or cooking • What were the dates of opening and closing of the camps? • March 1942-1946 • List the ten different camps. • Amache, CO • Gila River, AR • Heart Mountain, WY • Jerome, AR • Manzanar, CA • Minidoka, ID • Poston, AZ • Rohwer, AR • Topaz, UT • Tule Lake, CA

  24. Commonly Asked Questions • What is a Nisei? an Issei? • A Nisei is an American born Japanese American while Issei were born in Japan. • What was the role of the Nisei in World War II? • While Nisei served as interpreters and interrogators, there were also separate battalions of Nisei who served as soldiers. There contributions were great and their losses were high. • What are reparations? What did the Japanese-Americans receive as reparations? Which president signed this order? • In 1988, Congress passed legislation which awarded payments of $20,000 of compensation to 60,000 people who had been interned in camps.

  25. Commonly Asked Questions • What is the location of the Topaz Internment Camp? • Located in Millard County, Utah, 140 miles south of Salt Lake City, in central Utah, 16 miles NW of the town of Delta. • Where was the population of the camp from? • Japanese-Americans form the San Francisco Bay Area who had been housed at Tanforan Race Track in San Bruno, CA. Internees spent up to six months living in horse stalls waiting for Topaz to be completed. • What did the term “No No boys” come from? • From a government questionnaire about allegiance to the U.S. Those who answered no to two questions who were military eligible, were transferred to Tule Lake facility in California. • How many eligible males from Topaz were inducted into the armed services? • 105 • What was the Topaz Camp closing date? • October 31, 1945

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