Napoleon the Emperor

1. Napoleon the Emperor Foreign and Domestic Policy

2. Where we left off… • Questions: • 1)Who is Napoleon? • 2) Was he born rich or poor? • 3)Did he sympathize with the Enlightenment? How so? • 4) How did he help the Jacobins? • 5)What he an awesome military general? • 6) Did he crown himself?

4. I WANT TO KNOW WHAT YOU’VE HEARD ABOUT NAPOLEON… • WAS HE SMALL? • WAS HE NICE? • WAS HE WELL LIKED?

5. FUN FACT: Napolean Bonaparte Having Been Short is a Myth • The myth that he was short stems primarily from the fact that he is listed as 5 feet 2 inches tall at the time of his death.  However, this is 5 feet 2 inches in French units.  In modern international units, he was just shy of 5 feet 7 inches.

6. MYTH • Now I know you are saying “well that is still pretty short”.  That is true by modern day standards in certain places in the world, such as the United States.  • However, at the time in France, the average height for an adult male was about 5 feet 5 inches in modern international units.  So in fact, he was quite tall for his day.

7. SO WHAT DID NAPOLEON DO WHILE HE WAS IN POWER? He was well liked by his people until his defeat (Both of them) He was not nice, at least not to anyone that was not French

9. The Concordat • Began Secret Negotiations with the Pope after his victories in Italy • Understood that the church still played an important part of French Culture and without church support the population would never be completely happy • Terms of the Concordat • France would pay clergy • Seminaries were re-opened • Clergy was responsible to Rome • France keeps the land seized during the Revolution • France could choose its own bishops but Pope had veto power • Pope would publicly support Napoleon’s rule HOW IS THIS SIMILAR TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?

10. Economic Reforms • Standardized Coinage • Created a centralized bank for France • Balanced the Budget • Put the French economy back on track DIDN’T ROBESPIERRE DO THE SAME THING?

11. Bank system- Not important • In 1800 financial power in France was in the hands of about ten to fifteen banking houses whose founders, in most cases, came from Switzerland in the second half of the eighteenth century. These bankers, mostly Protestant, were deeply involved in the agitations leading up to the French Revolution. When the revolutionary violence got out of hand, they orchestrated the rise of Napoleon, whom they regarded as the restorer of order. As a reward for their support, Napoleon, in 1800, gave these bankers a monopoly over French finance by giving them control of the new Bank of France

12. The Code Napoleon • Probably his greatest contribution to the world • He didn’t write it but helped with the final edits • Also, he was the only one strong enough to push it through • The first time a code of civil laws was applied to a large European nation • Very influential, adopted be most of Europe in the 19th century • Fun fact: The Napoleonic code is still much revered, in a way, it is illegal for anyone to name a pig

13. Things in the Napoleon Code

14. HE BROUGHT PEACE! (AT LEAST AT FIRST HE DID) • When Napoleon enter power, France was still at war • Napoleon defeated the First Coalition (England, Russia, Austria and others) • 1799, Second Coalition formed, France won the land war but was losing the naval campaign • 1801 – Treaty of Luneville – Austria surrenders – France takes control of Italy and ends Austria’s control of Germany – allows larger German states to form • 1802 – Russia backs out of War and England negotiates with France • France gets to control Europe while England gets the sea • France was in the best position in its history

15. THEN HE BROUGHT WAR TO FRANCE AGAIN

16. War again! • Napoleon had everything – a powerful, modern nation under his control, all of Europe under his influence • His vision of stabilizing France and Europe had been reached • But his vision changes – a universal Empire with France at the center • “My power proceeds from my reputation and my reputation from the victories I have won. My power would fail me if not supported by more glory and victories. Conquest made me what I am; only conquest can sustain me.” • In 1803, war breaks out between England and France

17. NAPOLEON WANTS ENGLAND • DO YOU THINK FRANCE HAS THE NAVAL POWER TO INVADE? • A) OUI • B) NON • C) JE NE SAIS PAS • D) MAYBE

18. THE ANSWER IS NO, well kind of He has about 27 war ships (France and Spanish Navy combined, but they Get massacred at the Battle of Trafalgar)by 33 British ships in 1805 HOW DOES HE HURT THEM?

19. The Continental System • The French navy was defeated at the battle of Trafalgar • A direct assault on England would be impossible • War was a stalemate • Napoleon introduces the “Continental System” to attack England through economic isolation • Forbids any European country from trading with England • Huge mistake – England expands its trading relationships in Asia and continues to make money • However, the rest of Europe was reliant on British products, they suffered the most

20. THEN HE DECIDES

21. The Russian Campaign (1812) • Russia abandons the continental system in 1810 • Napoleon gathers his grand Army – French supported by Austrian and Prussian Troops – 600,000 men – and invades Russian in 1812 • The Russians refuse to engage the French and constantly retreat – instead they burn, destroy and poison everything while they move back • In September of 1814, Napoleon reaches Moscow and rather than victory, he finds the city on fire! • He realizes that his troops would not survive the winter and he orders the retreat

22. RETREAT, WHAT GOES WRONG?

23. The Long Road Back • The retreat was a nightmare • Food, shelter and fresh water were difficult to find (because the Russians burned everything and poisoned the wells) • The Grand Army was slowly picked apart by Russian hit and run tactics, Cossack horsemen, angry peasants and a brutal winter • Napoleon abandoned his men and travelled back to France

25. The Emperor dethroned • With the French Army in ruins, a new coalition forms • In 1813, at the battle of Leipzig, Russian, Prussian and Austrian forces beat Napoleon • English forces invade France from Spain • March 31, 1814, coalition armies take Paris and Napoleon is dethroned • The coalition re-establishes the Bourbon monarchy and Louis the 18th takes over (Louis the 16th brother, who was living in exile in England) • Napoleon is exiled to Elba (a small Mediterranean island)

26. Napoleon is exiled to Elba (a small Mediterranean island)

27. The Emperor Returns! • In March 1815, Napoleon escapes and returns to France • He walks from the Southern coast of France to Paris • As he travels, French peasants recognized him, grab weapons and join him • Louis sends soldiers to stop him again and again • However, each group of soldiers that meets Napoleon joins him in his Quest • Louis runs away and Napoleon reclaims the thrown • The rest of Europe rallies against him • Napoleon gathers an army and meets them at Waterloo • Napoleon is defeated by Lord Wellington’s English troops combined with an army from Prussia • Napoleon is exiled again – to St. Helena – a cold and windy rock in the middle of the Atlantic ocean • He dies there in 1821 of Stomach cancer – he was 51 years old

28. How does Europe react to Napoleons return? • A) Lets him take power again • B) Signs a deal with him • C) Rally against him

29. The Emperor Returns! • The rest of Europe rallies against him • Napoleon gathers an army and meets them at Waterloo • Napoleon is defeated by Lord Wellington’s English troops combined with an army from Prussia • Napoleon is exiled again – to St. Helena – a cold and windy rock in the middle of the Atlantic ocean • He dies there in 1821 of Stomach cancer – he was 51 years old