Review Exam 1

1. Review Exam 1

2. 1. Psychology is currently defined as: • A) the scientific study of behavior. • B) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • C) the scientific study of biological and cognitive processes. • D) the scientific study of motives and conflicts.

3. Together, three different levels form an integrated approach to understanding psychological processes. This approach is called: • A) neuro-developmental. • B) biopsychosocial. • C) bio-mental-behavioral. • D) cognitive-behavioral.

4. 6. Julie appeared not to be surprised when the couple broke up. “I could have predicted that,” she said. Julie is demonstrating: • A) ESP. • B) hindsight bias. • C) overestimation the extent to which others share her opinion. • D) correlation proves causation.

5. 7. To have a scientific attitude, we should not just believe something we have been told, we should examine the evidence, ask questions and come to our own conclusions. This process is called: • A) a hypothesis. • B) an experiment. • C) critical thinking. • D) logical reasoning.

6. 8. A hypothesis is a(n): • A) testable prediction that gives direction to research. • B) way to organize facts. • C) process of linking facts to deeper principles. • D) set of principles that explains newly discovered facts.

7. 10. The following is an example of an operational definition: • A) stress is defined as how well a person adjusts to his/her environment. • B) personality is defined as how well that person relates to others. • C) empathy is defined as showing you can understand the other person’s feelings. • D) intelligence is defined as a score on an intelligence test. • E) all of the above.

8. 11. When everybody has an equal chance of being included in a study, this process is called: • A) unbiased reporting. • B) a survey. • C) a random sample. • D) reliability.

9. 15. Consistently, we find low self-esteem is often related with high levels of depression. This means: • A) low self-esteem causes depression. • B) depression causes low self-esteem. • C) low self-esteem and depression are caused by a third factor. • D) they are correlated but this does not prove causation.

10. 18. Neither the researcher nor the subjects knew whether or not they received the drug studied or a placebo. This is an example of: • A) expectancy effects. • B) placebo effects. • C) a double-blind study. • D) nothing. It would be ridiculous.

11. 20. Dr. Schulte wants to investigate if aggressive behavior in children is increased if they view violent videos. In this instance, the dependent variable is: • A) violent videos. • B) aggressive behavior. • C) a placebo. • D) the control condition.

12. 1. Branching fibers extending out from the cell body to receive information from other neurons are called: • A) axons. • B) glial cells. • C) dendrites. • D) axon terminals.

13. 2. ___ wrap(s) many axons, insulating them and speeding their impulses. • A) Sodium ions • B) Myelin • C) Glial cells • D) Potassium ions

14. 3. The brief electrical impulse transmitted along the axon is called the: • A) action potential. • B) stimulus threshold. • C) electrical cascade. • D) sodium pump.

15. 4. After neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, many are reabsorbed through a process called: • A) synaptic transmission. • B) reuptake. • C) all-or-none. • D) reabsorption.

16. 7. The ___ receives information from all the senses except smell. • A) hippocampus • B) amygdala • C) thalamus • D) angular gyrus

17. 8. The ____ is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for muscle coordination, posture and equilibrium. • A) corpus callosum • B) reticular formation • C) pons • D) cerebellum

18. 10. Auditory information is received and processed in the: • A) somatosensory cortex. • B) occipital lobe. • C) temporal lobe. • D) frontal lobe.

19. 11. An impaired use of language due to a brain lesion is known as: • A) tomography. • B) aphasia. • C) plasticity. • D) phrenology.

20. 12. The ability of one part of the brain to take over the function of another in case of injury is called: • A) plasticity. • B) neurogenesis. • C) brain reintegration. • D) neural net reformation.

21. 13. After Sam’s stroke, he had difficulty speaking, but could understand what others were saying to him. He likely had damage to: • A) Wernicke’s Area. • B) Broca’s Area. • C) his Thalamus. • D) his parietal lobe.

22. 14. After a sky-diving accident, Laurie was unable to make sense of other people’s speech. It is likely that her cortex was damaged in: • A) the sensory area. • B) Broca’s area. • C) the angular gyrus. • D) Wernicke’s area.

23. 16. In order for you to experience the pain of being stuck with a pin, ___ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system. • A) the limbic system • B) interneurons • C) sensory neurons • D) the reticular formation

24. 17. When you’re stressed and your heart races, perspiration increases and pupils dilate, the ___ is activated. • A) somatic nervous system • B) parasympathetic branch • C) sympathetic branch • D) spinal reflex

25. 18. James touched a hot stove. His hand immediately recoiled before he knew it was hot. The sequence of this reflex is: • A) sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons. • B) sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons. • C) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons. • D) interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons.

26. 19. The ____ system is made up of glands which secret ___ into the bloodstream. • A) peripheral nervous; antagonists • B) sympathetic; neurotransmitters • C) autonomic; action potentials • D) endocrine; hormones

27. 21. This device is often used to diagnose seizure activity by recording electrical activity of the brain: • A) brain lesion. • B) EEG. • C) PET scan. • D) MRI.

28. 22. A person with a “split brain” had surgery to cut the: • A) frontal lobe. • B) corpus callosum. • C) sensory from the motor strip. • D) cerebellum from the cerebral cortex.

29. 23. The person most likely to suggest that the shape of a person’s skull indicates the extent to which that individual is argumentative and aggressive would be a: • A) neurologist. • B) behavior geneticist. • C) psychoanalyst. • D) phrenologist.

30. 24: Phineas Gage had extensive damage to his ____ of the brain, effecting his ____. • A) frontal lobe; personality • B) right hemisphere; speech • C) left temporal lobe; reasoning • D) cerebellum; coordination

31. 25. Stimulate this area in a cat, and it will either fear a mouse or become extremely aggressive. • A) hippocampus. • B) hypothalamus. • C) amygdala. • D) thalamus.

32. 1. Consciousness is: • A) the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. • B) the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. • C) the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. • D) our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

33. 4. Altered states of consciousness are physiologically induced, like ___; and psychologically induced, like ___. • A) hallucinations; meditation • B) dreaming; hallucinations • C) sensory deprivation; oxygen deprivation • D) hallucinations; oxygen deprivation

34. An evolutionary explanation about why we sleep would be to: • A) repair our brain. • B) promote growth. • C) keep us safe. • D) help us to remember.

35. 6. Biological processes that systematically vary over a period of 24 hours are called: • A) daily regimens. • B) circadian rhythms. • C) sleep-wake cycles. • D) lunar cycles.

36. 7. A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness is: • A) serotonin. • B) melatonin. • C) L-triptophan. • D) dopamine.

37. 8. The brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called _____ during stage 2 sleep. • A) alpha waves. • B) paradoxical sleep. • C) theta waves. • D) delta waves.

38. 9. Sleep deprivation has been shown to: • A) increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks. • B) reduce hypertension. • C) enhance memory. • D) diminish immunity to disease.

39. 11. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis: • A) have a weak will. • B) have a great imagination. • C) have to want to be hypnotized. • D) have a short attention span.

40. 13. Police Chief Olson is considering using a hypnotist to help an eye-witness recall the events of a crime. The Chief needs to know that: • A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. • B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. • C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. • D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph.

41. 14. One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by: • A) distracting attention. • B) blocking sensory input. • C) eliciting a deep, REM-like state. • D) “fooling” the subject to believe there is no pain.

42. 15. When hypnosis influences behavior after the hypnotic state, the subject was given a: • A) posthypnotic amnesia. • B) hypnotic command. • C) command suggestion. • D) posthypnotic suggestion.

43. 16. Two factors involved in determining physical dependence are: • A) tolerance and withdrawal. • B) drug type and amount. • C) quantity and frequency. • D) psycho-activity and abuse.

44. 17. The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of: • A) withdrawal. • B) dissociation. • C) resistance. • D) tolerance.

45. 18. Repeated use of an opiate: • A) decreases the brain’s reproduction of endorphins. • B) increases heart and breathing rates. • C) does not seem to be followed by serious withdrawal symptoms. • D) triggers auditory as well as visual hallucinations.

46. 19. The drug Ecstasy has the dangerous side-effect of: • A) causing dehydration, overheating, increased blood pressure, death. • B) increasing the risk of chronic depression. • C) impairing memory. • D) all of the above.

47. 20. When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria. As someone comes off this “high”, the end result is a depressive crash caused by: • A) depletion of dopamine. • B) depletion of norepinephrine. • C) depletion of serotonin. • D) all of the above.

48. 21. After ingesting a small dose of a drug, Jen experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. She most likely experienced the effects of: • A) cocaine. • B) LSD. • C) heroin. • D) marijuana.

49. 22. Which of the following is an amphetamine that acts as a mild hallucinogen? • A) Marijuana • B) Nembutal • C) Ecstasy • D) LSD

50. 23. According to Ernest Hilgard’s theory of hypnosis:. • A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. • B) the subject’s consciousness is split. • C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. • D) it is just another form of concentration.