Unit11

1. Unit11

2. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Watch the video and answer the following questions. Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 1 1. In the film Rachel Getting Married, Kym drove a car off a bridge when she was 16. In that accident, her little brother Ethan died. And the tragedy happened because she took drugs. Do you think the family members can forgive her? 2. What can forgiveness bring us? Yes, they can, although it may take a long time to recover for everyone in the family. Finally, they can. Open.

3. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 2

4. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Rachel: Dad, look at me. Okay? I’m right here. Okay? And I am telling you that after Ethan died, I wanted her to get better or just die. Father: Rachel, she’s better. Rachel: And ... No, no. Recovery doesn’t work if you lie. She knows that. I am worthless to her. She doesn’t give a shit about the rest of us! Kym: You are not worthless. How dare you! You’re my sister. I love you guys. I need you guys, but you don’t ... get to sit around for the rest of my life, deciding what I’m supposed to be like. I mean, you weren’t there. You weren’t inside of my head when I was fucked-up. You are certainly not there now. Video Script1

5. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Rachel: Kym,Kym. Kym: You haven’t got any idea how I feel. Rachel: Kym, you took Ethan for granted. Okay. You were high for his life. You were not present. Okay, you were high. Kym: Yes. Rachel: And you drove him off a bridge. And now he’s dead. Father: Rachel, it was an accident. Kym: Yes, I was. Yes, I was stoned out of my mind. Who do I have to be now? I could be Mother Teresa. It wouldn’t make a difference what I did. Did I sacrifice every bit of love in this life because I killed our little brother? Video Script2

6. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Father: It was an accident. It was an accident. Kym: And I’m sorry. I’m sorry. Father: Kymmie, Kymmie, it was an accident. Kym: I’m sorry. I’m sorry. Rachel: I’m sorry, too, Dad. Video Script2

7. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement 1. Quote Humanity is never so beautiful as when praying for forgiveness, or else forgiving another. — Jean Paul Richter Cultural information1

8. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement 2. Poem Cultural information2 Forgiveness Judith Mammay Forgiveness is not easy When we believe Our world has ended, And blame lies with another. Forgiving is letting go of the pain; Accepting that what was, was. It will not change, Cannot change.

9. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Forgiving is dismissing the blame. Choices were made that caused the hurt. We each could have chosen differently, But we didn’t. Forgiving is looking at the pain, Learning the lesson it has produced, And understanding What we have learned. Forgiving allows us to move on Toward a better understanding Of universal love, And our true purpose. Cultural information3

10. Cultural information Audiovisual supplement Cultural information4 Forgiving is knowing that love Is the answer to all questions, And that we all Are in some way connected. Forgiving is starting over With the knowledge we have gained. I forgive you — And I forgive myself.

11. Main idea Structural analysis Global Reading - Main idea This essay discusses an important virtue — , in which the author mentions the or the merits of forgiveness, proposes to achieve it, discusses the of some opposite views, and examines possible of unfair hurt that victimizes us. forgiveness _____________ significance _____________ four guidelines _________________ invalidity ___________ causes ________

12. Main idea Structural analysis 1. Divide the text into parts by completing the table. Structural analysis 1 The author cites a common phenomenon of people hurting each other, and then turns to the need and significance of forgiveness. The author introduces four guidelines to achieve forgiveness. The author expresses his disagreement with those who claim that forgiveness is “unjust” and is “a sign of weakness”.

13. Main idea Structural analysis Structural analysis 2 The author offers his advice that, as we are seldom wronged without reason, we often need to examine ourselves.

14. Main idea Structural analysis 2. Find out the metaphoric language used to indicate the critical importance of forgiveness. Structural analysis 3 heal, pain, malignancy, fester, cut out, infest, surgery

15. Detailed reading Open the Door to Forgiveness Lewis B. Smedes Detailed reading1-3 Someone hurt you, maybe yesterday, maybe long ago, and you cannot forget it. You did not deserve the hurt and it has lodged itself in your memory, where it keeps on hurting. You are not alone. We all muddle our way through a world where even well-meaning people hurt one another. A friend betrays us; a parent abuses us; a spouse leaves us. Philosopher Hannah Arendt believes that the only power that can stop the stream of painful memories is the “faculty of forgiving.” In that spirit, one December day in 1983, Pope John Paul II walked into a cell of Rebibbia prison outside Rome to meet Mehmet Ali Agca. The Pope took the hand of the man who had tried to kill him, and forgave him. 1 2 3

16. Detailed reading For most of us, however, it is not easy to forgive. Forgiving seems almost unnatural. Our sense of fairness tells us that people should pay for the wrong they do. But in forgiving we can move from hurting and hating to healing and reconciliation. Hate is our natural response to deep and unfair hurts. A woman wishes her former husband would be miserable with his new wife. A man whose friend has betrayed him hopes the friend will be fired from his job. Hate is a malignancy that festers and grows, stifling joy and threatening our health. It hurts the hater more than the hated. It must be cut out — for our own sake. 4 Detailed reading4-5 5

17. Detailed reading 6 How can this be done? How can you let go of a hurt, the way a child opens his hands and frees a trapped butterfly? Here are guidelines to help you begin to forgive: Confront your malice. None of us wants to admit that we hate someone, so we hide it from ourselves. But the fury denied rages beneath the surface and infects all our relationships. Admitting our hate compels us to make a decision about the surgery of the soul we call forgiving. We must acknowledge what has happened, face up to the other person and say: “You did me wrong.” Liz was an assistant professor of biology at a university in California. She was a good teacher, and the chairman of her department promised to ask the dean to promote her. Instead, his report was so critical of her performance that the dean advised her to look for another job. Detailed reading6-8 7 8

18. Detailed reading 9 Liz hated the chairman for betraying her, but she needed a recommendation from him. When he said how sorry he was that his support could not convince the dean, she pretended to believe him. But she could not keep up the duplicity. One day she confronted him. His embarrassed denial enabled Liz to see him for the weak person he was. She began to feel the power she needed to forgive him and, in her decision to do so, was set free of her hate. Separate the wrongdoer from the wrong. The Bible describes, in the ancient drama of atonement, how God took a bundle of human sins off man’s back, tied it to a goat, and sent the “scapegoat” to a “solitary land.” Forgiving is finding a new vision of the person who has wronged us, the person stripped of his sins — who really lives beneath the cloak of his wrongdoing. Detailed reading9-10 10

19. Detailed reading The first gift we get when we separate the wrong from the wrongdoer is insight. As we come to see the deeper truth about people — that they are fallible — our feelings change. At 16 my adopted daughter, Cathy, was a hot head who bitterly resented her natural mother for giving her away. Why had she not been worth keeping? Then she found out that her parents had been very young and poor and not married. About this time, one of Cathy’s friends became pregnant and, in fear and doubt, gave up her baby for adoption. Cathy shared her friend’s conflict, and was sure her decision had been right. Gradually she came to feel that her own mother, too, had done the right thing — she had given her baby away because she loved her too much to keep her. Cathy’s new understanding brought her resentment down to forgiving size. 11 Detailed reading11-12 12

20. Detailed reading Let go of the past. A friend of mine, a beautiful actress, was left crippled by a car accident a few years ago. Her husband stayed with her until she had partially recovered. Then, coldly, he left her. She could have mortgaged her future to hate. Instead, she forgave her husband and wished him well. I was skeptical. “Suppose he married a sexy young starlet. Would you wish him to be happy with her?” “Yes, I would,” she answered. This does not mean my friend has entirely forgotten the hurt. In fact, forgetting too soon may be a dangerous way to escape forgiving’s inner surgery. Once we have forgiven, however, forgetting is a sign of health. We can forget, eventually, because we are healed. 13 Detailed reading13-16 14 15 16

21. Detailed reading Don’t give up on forgiveness — keep working at it. As a boy, the British scholar C. S. Lewis was badly hurt by a bully of a teacher. For most of his life he could not forgive the teacher and this troubled him. But not long before he died, he wrote to a friend: “only a few weeks ago, I realized suddenly that I had at last forgiven the cruel schoolmaster who so darkened my childhood. I’d been trying to do it for years, and each time I thought I’d done it, I found it had to be attempted again. But this time I feel sure it is the real thing.” The hate habit is hard to break. We usually break it many times before we finally get rid of it. And the deeper the hurt, the longer it can take. But slowly it happens. 17 Detailed reading17-18 18

22. Detailed reading 19 Persuasive arguments have been made against forgiving. Some say that forgiveness is unjust because the wrongdoer should not be let off the hook. Others say forgiveness is a sign of weakness. Bernard Shaw called it “a beggar’s refuge.” Detailed reading19-20 20 I disagree. Vengeance never evens the score. It ties both the injured and the injurer to an endless escalator of retaliation. Gandhi was right: If we all live by the “eye for an eye” brand of justice, the whole world will be blind. Theologian Reinhold Niebuhr said after World War II: “We must finally be reconciled with our foe, lest we both perish in the vicious circle of hatred.” Forgiveness breaks the grip that past wrong and pain have on our minds.

23. Detailed reading To understand forgiveness, we should keep in mind that we are seldom merely sinned against. You may contribute to your spouse’s infidelity by ignoring your partner’s needs and desires, or bring on your children’s rebellion by your cold judgments and hot temper. A man I’ll call Mark thought of his wife, Karen, as domineering; himself as ineffective and timid. One night at a party, Karen laughingly called Mark a mama’s boy who had never grown up. When they got home Mark shouted: “I will never forgive you for this!” His rage was a cover for the weakness he dared not face. 21 Detailed reading21

24. Detailed reading Through her own contrition, Karen learned that she herself was weak and afraid. Her toughness had been a way to keep her secret demons under control. When she found the courage to reveal her needs to Mark, he became strong enough to drop his mask of anger. In mutual forgiveness, they creatively combined their weaknesses and strengths to forge a far healthier relationship without illusions. When we forgive, we come as close as any human can to the essentially divine act of creation. We heal the hurt and create a new beginning out of past pain. 22 Detailed reading22-23 23

25. Detailed reading What does the author mean by saying “We all muddle our way through a world where even well-meaning people hurt one another”? Detailed reading1--Quesion 1-2 The sentence means that “we all could make some silly mistakes due to our carelessness or in some confusing state”. This sentence is closely related with the previous one, because the author switches “you” in the previous sentence and in the first paragraph to “we.” This change is necessary, because “you” refers to the reader in particular, while “we” includes the reader, the author and other people in general. Thus the switch confirms the statement: “You are not alone.”

26. Detailed reading How does the author comment on forgiveness and hate? Detailed reading1--Quesion 5 The author admits that “it is not easy to forgive. Forgiving seems almost unnatural.” “Our sense of fairness tells us that people should pay for the wrong they do” and “hate is our natural response.” However, he believes that forgiveness brings about healing and reconciliation while hate only darkens our life and affects our health.

27. Detailed reading 1. What does the author mean by saying “the way a child opens his hand and frees a trapped butterfly”? Detailed reading1--Quesion 6 By comparing cutting out hate to freeing a trapped butterfly, the author implies that forgiveness would not be that difficult if you follow his guidelines. 2. What is the first problem in our attempt to achieve forgiveness? The first problem is that we usually do not admit that we hate someone who has hurt us.

28. Detailed reading What can be learnt from Liz’s case? Detailed reading1--Quesion 7-9 Liz’s case indicates that facing up to the wrongdoer and admitting your hate gives you the power to forgive, and consequently you are freed from the hate.

29. Detailed reading What can we learn from the case of the author’s adopted daughter? Detailed reading1--Quesion 10-12 Cathy’s case proves the author’s suggested guideline. Separating the wrong from the wrongdoer would enable you to get a new and true understanding of the person. Then you come to be aware that he/she is, after all, a human being and is as fallible as yourself.

30. Detailed reading Detailed reading1--Quesion 16 How does the author understand the guideline “Let go of the past” in relation with forgiveness? The author thinks that if we have forgiven somebody, we can forget the past and eventually heal our wound. But it could be dangerous to forget before we forgive, because the “inner surgery” has not been done yet, and the wound is still there hurting us.

31. Detailed reading Detailed reading1--Quesion 17-18 What does the C.S. Lewis’ example indicate? The example indicates that true forgiveness takes a long time. Sometimes you think you have done it while you haven’t. You have to keep working at it and make it happen.

32. Detailed reading Detailed reading1--Quesion 19 What does the author mean by “Vengeance never evens the score”? The author means that retaliation just sets off an endless chain of further retaliation.

33. Detailed reading What does the author want to show with the example of Mark? Detailed reading1--Quesion 23 The author wants to show that we all have weaknesses as well as strengths and that we should admit and reveal them to others, if we want to enjoy healthy relationships.

34. Detailed reading betray v. be unfaithful to Detailed reading1– betray e.g. Judas betrayed Jesus to the authorities. You have betrayed our trust in you, and for that you must be punished. Collocation: betray sb. / sth. to sb. hand over or show sb. / sth. disloyally to an enemy betray oneselfshow what or who one really is Derivation: betrayal n. betrayer n.

35. Detailed reading abuse v. say unkind or rude things to e.g. She abused him roundly for his neglect. An angry passenger abused the station manager for the late running of the train. Detailed reading1– abuse abusive a. Derivation: Synonym: misuse Comparison: abuse, misuse misuse to treat something or somebody badly. It is often used about objects. abuse make bad or wrong use of. It is rarely used about objects, but when it is used in this way it is stronger than misuse, and suggests that there is damage.

36. Detailed reading Detailed reading1– faculty faculty n.a natural power of the mind e.g. For the moment her critical faculties seemed to have deserted her. He had not lost his mental faculties. Collocation: faculty of /for doing sth. e.g. She has a great faculty for learning languages.

37. Detailed reading pay for v. receive punishment or suffering for sth. Detailed reading1-- pay for 1 e.g. He paid dearly for his unfaithfulness to her. With a ten-year prison sentence, he’s paying dearly for his crimes now. Collocation: pay back return money to sb. that one has borrowed from him; punish sb. or get one’s revenge pay in / into put money into a bank account pay out (regularly) make a large payment of money for sth.

38. Detailed reading Exercise: Choose a proper phrase in its appropriate form to fill each blank in the following sentences. Detailed reading1– pay for 3 pay for pay back pay into pay out • I a lot of money for that car. • 2. These people must be made to their crimes. • 3. Have I you the $10 I borrowed? • 4. Have you the cheque your account yet? • 5. I’ll him for what he did to me! paid out _________ pay for ________ paid back _____ ______ into paid _____ ______ pay back _____ ______

39. Detailed reading formera. of an earlier period or time; being the first mentioned of two things or people Detailed reading1– former1 e.g. In former times people were hanged for stealing in Britain. Of the two possibilities, the former seems more likely. Derivation: formerly ad. Antonym: current; present

40. Detailed reading Collocation: Detailed reading1– former2 a shadow of one’s former self not having the strength, influence, etc. that one formerly had e.g. She used to be a great player, but now she’s only a shadow of her former self. 她以前是个健将，现在已不及当年了。

41. Detailed reading Detailed reading1– Hate is a … Hate is a malignancy that festers and grows, stifling joy and threatening our health. Translation: 仇恨是一种会不断生长壮大的恶意，压抑快乐，并威胁我们的健康。

42. Detailed reading trap v.unable to move or escape Detailed reading1-- trap e.g. They were trapped in the burning hotel. The lift broke down and we were trapped inside. Collocation: trap sb. into sth. / doing sth. catch sb. by a trick

43. Detailed reading malicen. intention to hurt sb. Detailed reading1– malice e.g. She certainly bears you no malice. There was no malice in his words, just disappointment. Derivation: malicious a. maliciously ad. maliciousness n. Collocation: malicious towards sb. desire to harm others

44. Detailed reading fury n.very great anger Detailed reading1– fury e.g. He was in one of his uncontrollable furies. She flew into a fury when I wouldn’t lend her any money. Derivation: furious a.

45. Detailed reading ragev. wild uncontrollable anger Detailed reading1– rage e.g. He raged against me for disagreeing. I raged for hours at the decision. Derivation: raging a. Collocation: rage at / against sb. / sth. show violent anger Synonym: anger; fury

46. Detailed reading infectv. make sb. else have feelings of the same type Detailed reading1– infect e.g. She infected the whole class with her enthusiasm. Her cheerful spirits and bubbling laughter infected the whole class. Derivation: infectious a. infectiously ad. infection n. Collocation: infect with (of a disease) to get into the body of (someone), often through the air

47. Detailed reading compelv. force a person to do sth. e.g. We cannot compel you to do it, but we think you should. I was compelled to acknowledge the force of his argument. Detailed reading1– compel Derivation: compelling a. Synonym: oblige; force Comparison: compel to make (a person or thing) do something, by force, moral persuasion, or orders that must be obeyed impel(esp. of an idea, feeling, etc.) to drive (someone) to take action

48. Detailed reading acknowledge v. admit; recognize the fact Detailed reading1– acknowledge e.g. When the results of the vote were announced, the Prime Minister acknowledged defeat. She is acknowledged as an expert on the subject. Collocation: acknowledge sb. as sth. Derivation: acknowledgement n.

49. Detailed reading promote v.give sb. a higher position Detailed reading1– promote e.g. My daughter has just been promoted! The young army officer was promoted to the rank of captain. Derivation: promotion n. promoter n. promotional a. Collocation: promote sb. to sth. raise sb. to a higher position or rank Antonym: demote

50. Detailed reading recommendation n. the act of praising as being good for a purpose Detailed reading1– recommendation e.g. The government has agreed to implement the recommendations in the report. We bought the car on Paul’s recommendation. Derivation: recommend v. recommendable a.