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Remediation methods of polluted soils

Remediation methods of polluted soils. Sakari Halmemies, DSc (Tech) 20 May 2009. Classification of remediation methods on base of activities (FRTR 2001). Grouping of remediation methods on base of environment and technologies ( Visitt 6.0 1997).

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Remediation methods of polluted soils

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  1. Remediation methods of polluted soils Sakari Halmemies, DSc (Tech) 20 May 2009

  2. Classification of remediation methods on base of activities(FRTR 2001)

  3. Grouping of remediation methods on base of environment and technologies (Visitt 6.0 1997) • Number of remediation methods and technologies: • 371 • Environment: • 68 % soil, 32 % water • Technologies: • 39 % biological • 21 % physical • 21 % thermal • 19 % chemical

  4. Treatment Technologies Screening Matrix (FRTR 2001) • Applicability of different technologies can be checked from this matrix: http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section3/table3_2.pdf

  5. Treatment technology profiles (FRTR 2001) • Soil, Sediment, Bedrock and Sludge Treatment Technologies • Biological Treatment • Physical/Chemical Treatment • Thermal Treatment • Ground Water, Surface Water, and Leachate Treatment Technologies • Biological Treatment • Physical/Chemical Treatment • Containment

  6. Soil, Sediment, Bedrock and Sludge Treatment TechnologiesBiological Treatment (FRTR 2001) • Bioventing, In Situ • Enhanced Bioremediation, In Situ • Phytoremediation, In Situ • Biopiles, Ex Situ • Composting, Ex Situ • Landfarming,Ex Situ • Slurry Phase,Ex Situ

  7. Bioventing, in situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Oxygen is delivered to contaminated unsaturated soils by forced air movement (either extraction or injection of air) to increase oxygen concentrations and stimulate biodegradation.

  8. Typical bioventing system (FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-1.html

  9. Applicability for pollutants petroleum hydrocarbons, nonchlorinated solvents, some pesticides, wood preservatives, and other organic chemicals. Duration Medium to long-term technology. Cleanup ranges from a few months to several years. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4_1.html Bioventing Applicability, duration, limitations, costs(FRTR 2001)

  10. Enhanced Bioremediation, in situbiostimulation, bioaugmentation, enhanced biodegradation (FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • The activity of naturally occurring microbes is stimulated by circulating water-based solutions through contaminated soils to enhance in situ biological degradation of organic contaminants or immobilization of inorganic contaminants. • Nutrients, oxygen, or other amendments may be used to enhance bioremediation and contaminant desorption from subsurface materials.

  11. Typical Enhanced Bioremediation system (FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-2..html

  12. Applicability for pollutants petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, wood preservatives, and other organic chemicals Duration Long-term technology which may take several years for cleanup of a plume. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-2.html Enhanced BioremediationApplicability, duration, limitations, costs(FRTR 2001)

  13. Phytoremediation, in situvegetation-enhanced bioremediation (FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Phytoremediation is a process that uses plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and destroy contaminants in soil and sediment. Contaminants may be either organic or inorganic. • The mechanisms of phytoremediation include enhanced rhizosphere biodegradation, phyto-extraction (also called phyto-accumulation), phyto-degradation, and phyto-stabilization.

  14. Typical In Situ Phytoremediation System(FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-3.html

  15. Applicability for pollutants metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil, PAHs, and landfill leachates Duration Long-term technology which may take even decades for cleanup of a plume. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4_11.html Phytoremediation Applicability, duration, limitations, costs(FRTR 2001)

  16. Biopiles,ex situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Excavated soils are mixed with soil amendments and placed in aboveground enclosures. • It is an aerated static pile composting process in which compost is formed into piles and aerated with blowers or vacuum pumps.

  17. Typical Biopile System for Solid Phase Bioremediation(FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-10.html

  18. Applicability for pollutants nonhalogenated VOCs and fuel hydrocarbons. Duration Short-term technology. Duration of operation and maintenance may last a few weeks to several months More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-2.html Biopile Applicability, duration, limitations, costs(FRTR 2001)

  19. Composting, ex situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Contaminated soil is excavated and mixed with bulking agents and organic amendments such as wood chips, hay, manure, and vegetative (e.g., potato) wastes. • Proper amendment selection ensure adequate porosity and provides a balance of carbon and nitrogen to promote thermophilic, microbial activity.

  20. Typical Windrow Composting Process(FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-11.html

  21. Applicability for pollutants biodegradable organic compounds (incl. PAH) Pilot and full-scale projects have demonstrated explosives Duration Duration of operation and maintenance may last to several months More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-12.html Composting Applicability, duration, limitations, costs(FRTR 2001)

  22. Landfarming,ex situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Contaminated soil, sediment, or sludge is excavated, applied into lined beds, and periodically turned over or tilled to aerate the waste.

  23. Typical Landfarming Treatment Unit(FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-12.html

  24. Applicability for pollutants petroleum hydrocarbons, diesel fuel, No. 2 and No. 6 fuel oils, JP-5, oily sludge, wood-preserving wastes (PCP and creosote), coke wastes, and certain pesticides. Duration Duration of operation and maintenance may last to many years More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4_13a.html Landfarming Applicability, duration, limitations, costs(FRTR 2001)

  25. Slurry Phase Biological Treatment,ex situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • An aqueous slurry is created by combining soil, sediment, or sludge with water and other additives. • The slurry is mixed to keep solids suspended and microorganisms in contact with the soil contaminants. • Upon completion of the process, the slurry is dewatered and the treated soil is disposed of.

  26. Typical Bioreactor Process (FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-14.html

  27. Applicability for pollutants explosives, petroleum hydrocarbons, petrochemicals, solvents, pesticides, wood preservatives, and other organic chemicals Duration Short- to medium-term technology. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-14.html Slurry Phase Biological TreatmentApplicability, duration, limitations, costs(FRTR 2001)

  28. Soil, Sediment, Bedrock and Sludge Treatment TechnologiesPhysical/Chemical Treatment (FRTR 2001) • Chemical Oxidation, In Situ • Electrokinetic Separation, In Situ • Fracturing, In and Ex Situ • Soil Flushing, In Situ • Soil Vapor Extraction, In Situ • Solidification/Stabilization, In and Ex Situ • Chemical Extraction, Ex Situ • Chemical Reduction/Oxidation, Ex Situ • Dehalogenation, Ex Situ • Separation, Ex Situ • Soil Washing, Ex Situ

  29. Chemical Oxidation, In Situ (FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Oxidation chemically converts hazardous contaminants to non-hazardous or less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, and/or inert. • The oxidizing agents most commonly used are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide.

  30. Typical Chemical oxidation system (FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-30.html

  31. Applicability for pollutants many toxic organic chemicals, unsaturated aliphatic (e.g., trichloroethylene,TCE) and aromatic compounds (e.g., benzene) Duration Medium to long-term technology. Cleanup ranges from a few months to several years. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4_4.html Chemical oxidation Applicability, duration, limitations, costs (FRTR 2001)

  32. Electrokinetic Separation, in situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • The Electrokinetic Remediation (ER) process removes metals and organic contaminants from low permeability soil, mud, sludge, and marine dredging. • ER uses electrochemical and electrokinetic processes to desorb, and then remove, metals and polar organics. • This in situ soil processing technology is primarily a separation and removal technique for extracting contaminants from soils.

  33. Typical In Situ Electrokinetic Separation System (FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-4.html

  34. Applicability for pollutants heavy metals, anions, and polar organics in soil, mud, sledge, and marine dredging Duration Short to medium-term technology. Cleanup ranges from a few weeks to several months. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-4.html Electrokinetic Separation Applicability, duration, limitations, costs (FRTR 2001)

  35. Fracturing, In Situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Cracks are developed by fracturing beneath the surface in low permeability and over-consolidated sediments to open new passageways that increase the effectiveness of many in situ processes and enhance extraction efficiencies.

  36. Typical Pneumatic Fracturing Process (FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-5.html

  37. Applicability for pollutants Fracturing is applicable to the complete range of contaminant groups with no particular target group. The technology is used primarily to fracture silts, clays, shale, and bedrock. Duration Normal operation employs a two-person crew, making 15 to 25 fractures per day with a fracture radius of 4 to 6 meters to a depth of 15 to 30 meters. For longer remediation programs, refracturing efforts may be required at 6- to 12-month intervals. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-5.html Fracturing Applicability, duration, limitations, costs (FRTR 2001)

  38. Soil Flushing, In Situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Water, or water containing an additive to enhance contaminant solubility, is applied to the soil or injected into the ground water to raise the water table into the contaminated soil zone. • Contaminants are leached into the ground water, which is then extracted and treated.

  39. Typical Soil Flushing System(FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-6.html

  40. Applicability for pollutants inorganics including radioactive contaminants. The technology can be used to treat VOCs, SVOCs, fuels, and pesticides. Duration Short to medium-term technology. Cleanup ranges from a few weeks to several months. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-6.html Soil FlushingApplicability, duration, limitations, costs (FRTR 2001)

  41. Soil Vapor Extraction, In Situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Vacuum is applied through extraction wells to create a pressure/concentration gradient that induces gas-phase volatiles to be removed from soil through extraction wells. • This technology also is known as in situ soil venting, in situ volatilization, enhanced volatilization, or soil vacuum extraction.

  42. Typical In Situ Soil Vapor Extraction System(FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-7.html

  43. Applicability for pollutants The target contaminant groups for in situ SVE are VOCs and some fuels Duration The duration of operation and maintenance for in situ SVE is typically medium- to long-term. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-7.html Soil Vapor Extraction, Applicability, duration, limitations, costs (FRTR 2001)

  44. Solidification/Stabilization, In Situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Contaminants are physically bound or enclosed within a stabilized mass (solidification), or chemical reactions are induced between the stabilizing agent and contaminants to reduce their mobility (stabilization).

  45. Typical In Situ Vitrification System (FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-8b.html

  46. Applicability for pollutants The target contaminant group for in situ S/S is generally inorganics (including radionuclides). Duration The timeframe for in situ S/S is short- to medium-term, while in situ ISV process is typically short-term. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-8.html Solidification/Stabilization, Applicability, duration, limitations, costs (FRTR 2001)

  47. Chemical Extraction, Ex Situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Waste contaminated soil and extractant are mixed in an extractor, thereby dissolving the contaminants. • The extracted solution is then placed in a separator, where the contaminants and extractant are separated for treatment and further use. • Two main types of extraction are Acid Extraction, Solvent Extraction

  48. Typical Chemical extraction System (FRTR 2001) http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/D01-4-15.html

  49. Applicability for pollutants primarily organic contaminants such as PCBs, VOCs, halogenated solvents, and petroleum wastes. Duration The duration of operations and maintenance for chemical extraction is medium-term. More detailed data http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-15.html Chemical extraction, Applicability, duration, limitations, costs (FRTR 2001)

  50. Chemical Reduction/Oxidation, Ex Situ(FRTR 2001) • Introduction: • Reduction/oxidation chemically converts hazardous contaminants to non-hazardous or less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, and/or inert. • The oxidizing agents most commonly used are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide.

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