CHAPTER 18

1. CHAPTER 18 TRANSLATING FOREIGN STATEMENTS: THE CURRENT RATE METHOD

2. FOCUS OF CHAPTER 18 • The Way to Restate to U.S. GAAP • Conceptual Issues in Translating Foreign Currency Statements to U.S. Dollars • The Current Rate Method of Translation • Reporting the Effects of Exchange Rate Changes in a Statement of Comprehensive Income

3. Restating To U.S. GAAP:Only Oranges Make Orange Juice • Not restating to U.S. GAAP would be mixing applesand orangestogether. &

4. Restating to U.S. GAAP:To Be Done BEFORETranslation--NOT AFTER • Restating Per Se = No controversy. • All agree that it must be done. • Restating BEFORE Translating • Almost all agree that this is the way to go. • Restating AFTERTranslating • Very few believe that this is the way to go.

5. Restating to U.S. GAAP: Is It Easy or Hard? • Difficulty of Restating to U.S. GAAP: • A “right-to-work law” for accountants . • Often a major task--sometimes 50 + adjusting entries are needed. (May have to work “until the cows come home.”) • Most U.S. companies have their foreign units restate to U.S. GAAP before submitting their financial statements.

6. Restating To U.S. GAAP: Is It Easier or Harder Than Translating • Translating Foreign Currency Statements Into U.S. Dollars: • Translatingis usually much much easier than restating to U.S. GAAP. • In most cases, the translation process is automatically done using specialized software programs.

7. Restating To U.S. GAAP:Comparing “WWD” With “WWWHBD” • Step 1: List account balances using WWD (“what was done”)--the FOREIGN GAAP amounts. • Step 2: Determine the account balances usingWWWHBD (“what we wish had been done”)--the U.S. GAAP amounts. • Step 3: Compare amounts in steps 1 and 2--the differences make up the entry to restate to U.S. GAAP.

8. The Current Rate Method:It’s As Easy As Pie • Merely translate ALLassets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, gains, and losses at the current rate. • Translate equity accounts as follows: • Common Stock and APIC : Use historical exchange rates. • Retained Earnings--B-O-Y : Use prior period ending translated amount.

9. The Current Rate Method: The Definition of the Current Rate • You won’tfind the definition in the dictionary • Furthermore, the FASB has a dual definition.

10. The Current Rate Method: The Current Rate’s Defining Moment • It all depends on whether you are talking about the balance sheet or the income statement: • Balance sheet--”the spot rate at that date.” • Income statement--”the rate existing when the item was recognized.” • Could be 365 (or 366) current rates. • Usually twelve monthly rates are used.

11. The Current Rate Method: What’s Relevant and What’s NOT “Sustained” • What is relevant? • Maintaining the account item relationships thatexist in the foreign currency statements. • What’s is notrelevant? • How it is valued (cost, LCM, NRV, FMV). • Whether it is current or noncurrent (in B/S). • Whether it is monetary or nonmonetary. “Overruled”

12. The Current Rate Method: Is Maintaining Relationships Good? • Only If It Results in Reflecting the True Economic Reality that Exists2 + 2 = 4 • This does NOT always occur.2 + 2 = 7

13. The Current Rate Method: What Winds Up Being the Focus? • The result of applying the current rate method generally enables one to view the method as a focus on the net asset position: • Assets > Liabilities = A net assetposition. • Assets <Liabilities= A net liabilityposition. [Equals the parent’s investment]

14. The Current Rate Method:Fixed Assets Can Go on Quite a Ride • In U.S. dollars, a foreign unit’s fixed assets can be reported at wildly different amounts each year.

15. The Current Rate Method:What Is The True Historical Cost In U.S. Dollars? Assumptions: Foreign unit buys land on 1/1/04 when the direct exchange rate is $1.00. Foreign country has 25% inflation in 2004. Exchange rate at 12/31/04 is $.80--the $.20 decrease is due entirely to the foreign inflation. LCUs Exchange RateU.S. Dollars I. 1,000 HC x $1.00 HR = $1,000 II. 1,000 HC x $ .80 CR = $ 800 III. 1,250 CV x $ .80 CR = $1,000

16. The Current Rate Method:The BIG QUESTION--What Is the $800? • LCUs Exchange RateU.S. Dollars • I. 1,000 HC x $1.00 HR = $1,000 • II. 1,000 HC x $ .80 CR = $ 800 • III. 1,250 CV x $ .80 CR = $1,000Is the $800: • 1. Historical cost. • 2. Current value. • 3. Neither.

17. The Current Rate Method:Let’s Play “Hide and Seek” • Where are the effects of exchange rate changes reported?” • You won’t find them reported in earnings. • You will find them reported in “Other Comprehensive Income.” The 3 options are: • Expand the bottom of Income Statement. • Add a Statement of Comprehensive Income. • Disclose in Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity. #1 #2 #3

18. The Current Rate Method:Sometimes The FASB Is Not Consistent • FASB says: • Whether FX gains & losses on foreign currency transactions are unrealized is not relevant--MUSTreport currently in earnings. • Whether the statement translation effects as a result of using the current rate method are unrealizedis relevant--CANNOTreport currently in earnings.

19. Review Question #1 • Under the current rate method, which of the following accounts is NOT translated into dollars using the current exchange rate? A. Purchases. B. Cost of sales.C. Depreciation expense. D. Gain on equipment disposal. E. Retained earnings (ending balance).F. Flood loss--extraordinary item. G. None of the above.

20. Review Question #2 • Under the current rate method, which of the following accounts is NOT translated into dollars using the current exchange rate? A. Inventory (LIFO). B. Income tax expense.C. Goodwill expense. D. Deferred income taxes payable. E. Deferred charges.F. Bonds Payable (long-term).G. None of the above.

21. End of Chapter 18 • Time to Clear Things Up--Any Questions?