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Composite materials from a fiber and a polymeric matrix

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Composite materials from a fiber and a polymeric matrix

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    2. Composite materials from a fiber and a polymeric matrix Composite material (CM) the non-uniform, pseudo-continuous material consisting of two or more components with border of section between them. Mechanical properties of the CM consisting of a fiber and a polymeric matrix depend, basically, from properties of a fiber. The matrix (polymer resin) provides teamwork of fillers. Delamination of fibers in CM almost completely depends on properties of a matrix. For additional hardening in a matrix short fibers, various powders and nanoparticles can be added. The Overall objective of any technology-provide necessary distribution of a matrix between reinforcing elements.

    3. Properties of resins of matrixes for composite materials Table1

    4. Strength and the elasticity module at a tensile of various fibers and a steel Mechanical characteristics of a basalt fiber above, than at hight-modulus glass fiber S2 and ??? (Russia), which cost above 10 $/kg and slightly more low on the module to the aramide fiber Kevlar, which cost above 20 $/kg. Therefore, depending on success of realization of properties of a basalt fiber in a composite material, it can be competitive at the price from 4 to 10 $/kg

    5. Manufacturing of a composite material by pultrusion, the most effective process for products for building

    6. Properties of some metals and the composite materials (CM) produced by pultrusion method Table 2

    7. Typical Uniaxial Tensile of Prestressing Tendons (CAN/CSA-S806-02) from site www.isiscanada.com Table 3

    8. Comparison steel and glass fiber reinforced polymer deformation at a tensile The steel should be maintained at stress less than limit of proportionality sp. Value of a proportionality limit several times is less ultimate stress su. Typical value sp for steels 200-400??? On the schedule results of measurements are presented at a stretching of samples of fiberglass cores with diameters from 4, 8, 12 and 20 mm. The proportionality limit in all cases is more than 1000 Mpa that is considerable above, than at a steel.

    9. Typical profiles from GFRR or BFRR made by pultrusion for constructions

    10. The use of composite materials in constructions 1. Bridges (ApATeCh, www.apatech.ru)

    11. The use of composite materials in constructions 2. civil building Shebanov S.M., Strebkov D.S., Goregliad V.V., Kogevnikov J.A. (Advances in science and technology agricultural, 2011, in press )

    12. The use of composite materials in constructions 3. Composite (GFRR or BFRR) rebar for concrete Composite rebar has advantages before metal rebar in some important areas 1) Concrete with composite rebar is easier and stronger, than with the metal. Perspective area - building in seismodangerous zones. 2) The composite rebar isn't subject to electrochemical corrosion. Concrete service life can reach 100 and more years even near to the sea. 3) Building of durable buildings and constructions

    13. Samples Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) rebar *- from site www.isiscanada.com

    14. Advantages BFRP rebar as compared with GFRP rebar 1) Basalt fiber for rebar is preferable to glass. Fiber E-glass can lose strength in an alkaline environment, which is formed during concrete hardening. Alkali-resistant glass fiber has a high cost 2) Basalt widespread cheap raw materials (in 100 times is cheaper than raw materials for glass fiber) 3) Mechanical properties of BFRP rebar is higher than the properties GFRP rebar. Mechanical properties of BFRP rebar can be equal to the properties of AFRP rebar, so the cost BFRP may be higher than the GFRP.

    15. Technical and economic the analysis of use GFRP rebar for bridge deck. The case study selected involves a deck replacement for a specific bridge in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The first design alternative was a standard steel-reinforced concrete bridge deck. The second alternative replaced steel in the deck with glass FRP bar. ISIS Canada Education. Module No7: An introduction to Life cycle Costing From site www.isiscanada.com

    16. The economic analysis of application composite rebar at bridge building from site www.isiscanada.com Table 4

    17. The relation of expenses for the bridge with GFRP rebar to expenses for the bridge with metal rebar (according to the table 4)

    18. Comments to the table 4 and the diagram A 1. The rebar from a carbonaceous steel is almost always cheaper than rebar from composite materials. 2. The rebar from composite materials is favourable for using from for big life service 3. In special conditions, for example, sea water or salty water of mines, almost always rebar from composite materials is more preferable metal.

    19. Criteria for comparing the diameters the FRP rebar and steel rebar in concrete

    20. The relation of diameters of rebars from a steel and a composite material Table 5

    21. Comments to table 5 1. By criterion 1 diameter rebar from a FRP composite material always is less, than at the metal. In this case almost always composite rebar is more cheaply than metal. 2. By criterion 2 diameter rebar FRP composite material always is more than at the metal. In this case almost always metal rebar is more cheaply than composite. 3. The criterion choice depends on conditions in which the construction is maintained

    22. Increase Total Present Worth of the Initial Cost at use of composite rebar (according to the table 5).

    23. Reduction the total Annual Worth of Life Cycle Cost the bridge at use of rebar of concrete from composite materials (according to the table 4 and table 5)

    24. Comments to the Diagram C 1. We have no experimental data about time of life of concrete and the periods of repair with rebars from nanoGFRP, BFRP and nanoBFRP. These are new materials. Therefore for an estimation given tables 4 for GFRP have been accepted. Time of life of concrete with BFRP above, than with GFRP. 2. FRP composite materials with MWCNT have very big life cycle at cyclic loadings (to 100 times above, than FRP without MWCNT). Therefore we hope that terms between repairs at concrete with nanoGFRP, BFRP and nanoBFRP rebars can be more, and the volume of repairs can be less, than for concrete with GFRP rebars For the successful decision of all problems should unite efforts designers, concretes technologists , composite and nanocomposite materials technologists, economists and builders.

    25. Intermediate conclusions Now there are no reliable experimental results for modeling of mechanical properties of concrete with basalt armature. Therefore for the analysis simple evident model (3) has been chosen. The parameter X equal 0,62 has been defined from the qualitative information from site www.isiscanada.com only for GFRP. For other rebars value can be another. It reduces reliability of conclusions. However economic estimations at cost BFRP are made on the basis of a wide experience of the organization of manufacture of a basalt fiber in Russia and release of several experimental batches of composites and nanocomposites at factory. The received information allows to draw a basic conclusion on perspectivity and economic feasibility of use rebar from a basalt fiber (with additives MWCNT and without) in concrete.

    26. Perspective and expediency of use MWCNT for increase in durability GFRR and BFRR composite materials In the composite materials made pultrusion it is not possible to realize completely mechanical properties of a fiber. Even along a direction of fiber the module of the composite material made pultrusion , usually doesn't exceed 60-70 %, and ultimate tensile strength 50 % from values of a used fiber. It is shown (S. Shebanov Composite World n. 4, 2010) that addition of 0,1 % and less multilayered carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in GFRP can increase the Young's module of a composite material to 90 % from value for a fiber. In this case nanoBFRR will have the Young's module above, than at an aluminum profile. As the constructional material nanoBFRP will surpass aluminum in the mechanical characteristics and on corrosion firmness.

    27. MultiWalled Carbon NanoTubes (MWCNT) Tensile individual MWCNT SEM MWCNT

    28. Our technology for manufacturing nanocomposites, nanoGFRP or nanoBFRP 1. Manufacturing MWCNT by method CVD 2. Oxidation of surface MWCNT by acids 3. Dispersion of MWCNT in the resin using ultrasonic cavitation 4. Use of resin with MWCNT in technology pultrusion. Manufacturing rebar or a profile from nanocomposite material, nanoGFRP or nanoBRFP.

    29. Ultrasonic dispersion MWCNT in epoxy resin Cavitation in resin MWCNT in resin after dispersion

    30. Result of addition MWCNT: increase in mechanical characteristics and change of character of deformation of resin and FRP a composite material Compression epoxy resin Bending of rebars

    31. Intermediate summary Composition reinforcement has advantage over the metal one being used in concrete where metal is prone to corrosion. Concrete with the composite reinforcement is more durable. It is known that corrosion becomes more aggressive under the influence of humidity and ground electrical currents. Correspondingly the most promising areas of use are sea shore constructions, mines, foundation of overhead transmission line structures and constructions in the damp climate. The basalt fibers composition reinforcement is more promising than glass fiber compositions. The basalt fibers have more advanced mechanical properties and are more stable to alkaline solution which results by concrete maturing. The basalt and glass fiber technologies are close but basalt itself is much cheaper than the input materials for the glass fiber. As a result, the commercial production of basalt fibers (which does not exist at present) will be considerable cheaper than production of the glass fiber.

    32. At oil recovery FRP composite materials can be used in the most various places. These are various pipes, capacities, lungs and buildings. In our opinion use nanoGFRP and nanoBFRP for sucker rods of oil pumps can be very favourable. In this case, the unique properties of nanocomposite materials can be most fully realized. According to a table 6, increase of TBR in 2 times on condition of the use of continuous rods and/or GFRP rods and also by measures related to them. GFRP sucker rods are produced in the USA, Canada, Japan, China and Russia.

    33. GFRP it was offered to use in pumps for oil recovery for a long time. One of early variant of use GFRP sucker rod is resulted, for example, in the US patent 3889579, 17 June, 1975

    34. A serious problem is connection of GFRP rod with a metallic tip. The fittings illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 are intended as merely illustrative of the types which may be used and selection of a particular design depends on the environment and circumstances of use. (from US patent 3889579) In FIG. 7, the rod 80 extends into a cylindrical connector 82 which is threaded at one end and tapered at the other. The rod is held in the connector by a plurality of wedges illustrated at 84 and 86 which are pressed against the rod by the conical configuration of the cylinder 82. A potting compound, such as an epoxy thermosetting resin, indicated at 88 bonds the end of the rod in the cylinder and bonds the wedges in the cylinder to the cylinder and to the rod. In FIG. 8, the rod 90 is held in the cylinder 92 simply by a potting compound 94. The potting compound would typically be an epoxy or other thermosetting adhesive resin. The thickness of the potting compound in 94 is exaggerated in FIG. 8 for illustrative purposes

    35. Comment 1. Advantages GFRP in comparison with metal: -smaller weight (the GFRP density is four times less than steel density) -higher durability -flexibility of GFRP. Rod, as well as rebar can be transported on reels 2. Disadvantages GFRP in comparison with metal : -low value of the Young's module (45 GPa for GFRP and 200 GPa for a steel) - the probability of delamination of fibers Maximize the advantages and minimize the disadvantages will allow the use of nanotechnology: -earlier been shown that the use of CNT increases all the mechanical properties of GFRP and BFRP - further we will show influence CNT on the fatigue characteristic and delamination of FRP composite materials

    36. Increase in delamination resistance of a FRP composite material as a result of MWCNT addition Rate of growth of a crack in resin with MWCNT (a matrix of a composite material) can be to 100 more low, than in pure resin. ( W. Zhang , etc. Small, 2009) Interlaminar shear of FRP composites with CNT increased by 20-40% (S.Shebanov, etc., 2005) Table 7

    37. Comments to the diagram D and the table 7 According to diagram D and table 7 we expect increase of resistance to delamination at nanoFRP composite materials in comparison with FRP in real designs. According to it life cycle time of designs with nanoFRP composite materials can be considerable above.

    38. Summary We expect improvement in characteristics of nanoGFRP and nanoBGFRP compared with GFRP and BFRP materials under the simultaneous action of cyclic loading in axial and longitudinal direction. This effect is very important for any FRP composite materials. It isnt important when you will use FRP composite materials. The increase of price of nanoGFRP and nanoBGFRP compared with GFRP and BFRP materials depend on the price of MWCNT. The most of the commercial activity involves the use of hollow multi-wall carbon nanotubes MWCNTs. Increased demand for MWCNT stimulates the creation of new industries. For example, Bayer plans to bring the total production of CNT to 3000 tons per year, company CNano (U.S.) by mid-2009 completed the construction of a large factory in China, with capacity of 500 tons per year and it plans to build another plant. The company Arkema (France) plans to increase the production of CNT to 550 tons per year. Showa Denko (Japan) plans to increase the production of CNT to 650 tons per year, Nanocyl (Belgium) - up to 150 tons per year. Due to the expansion of applications for 2014, the market for CNT can make more than $ 1 billion. We can expect significant price reductions on CNT with such volume of production. Falling prices of MWCNT makes nanoGFRP and nanoBGFRP very promising materials for the construction and engineering industries. Presented results reduced the risk for the promotion of these materials in the industry. Also results prepared a basis for tests of materials in real structures.

    39. Acknowledgements The author expresses deep gratitude to all thanks to which it was possible to finish the presented work. They are employees of the D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow State University, Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics RAS, polytechnical college ? 8, all Moscow. Personally to Streltsova Ye., Streltsov A., Serbin V., Kogevnikov J., Goregliad V., Tarakanov P.

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