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Polymeric Materials Molecular View

Polymeric Materials Molecular View. MFG 355. Non-Metals. Metals. Fundamentals of Matter. Periodic Table Arranged by number of Protons Metals (lose electrons) Non-metals (gain electrons). Fundamentals of Matter. Electrons Shells (n=1,2,3,4,5)= rows on periodic table

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Polymeric Materials Molecular View

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  1. Polymeric Materials Molecular View MFG 355

  2. Non-Metals Metals Fundamentals of Matter • Periodic Table • Arranged by number of Protons • Metals (lose electrons) • Non-metals (gain electrons)

  3. Fundamentals of Matter • Electrons • Shells (n=1,2,3,4,5)= rows on periodic table • Orbitals (s,p,d,f) = columns on periodic table s p

  4. Basic Organic Chemistry • Contains Carbon • Carbon has 4 bonds in every molecule • Valence bonds (number of bonds formed) • Carbon=4, Nitrogen=3, Oxygen=2, Chlorine=1, Hydrogen=1

  5. Basic Organic Chemistry

  6. Bonding (attractions) Function of distance between atoms

  7. Bonding (attractions) • Ionic – Metal w/ Non-metal - + Na Cl Transfer of electron

  8. Metal Atom Non-Metal Atom Electrons have been transferred Negative (-) charged non-metal atom Positive (+) charged metal atom Ionic Bonding Combination of a metal and a non-metal atom to create an ionic bond material

  9. + - + - Ionic Bonds Negatively Charged Non-Metal Particle Positively Charged Metal Particle Part - + - + + - + - - + - + Crystal structure showing charged metal and non-metal particles and the ionic bonds between them

  10. Bonding (attractions) • Metallic – Metal w/ Metal + + Fe Cr Sea of electrons

  11. Metallic Bonding

  12. Cl Bonding (attractions) • Covalent – Non-metal w/ Non-metal Cl Shared electrons

  13. Bonding (attractions) • Secondary bonds • Polar bond/Hydrogen bond • One atom in a covalent bond is more negative than the other • Atoms that cause polar bonding = F, O, N, Cl δ- δ+ Partial charges O C Unequal sharing

  14. Non-Metal Atoms Crystalline Region Part Amorphous Region Covalent Bond (shared electrons)

  15. Periodic Table of the Elements Metals Non-Metals Ceramics (Ionic Bonds) Polymers (Covalent Bonds) Metals (Metallic Bonds)

  16. Hydrogen (polar) Bonding

  17. Polymers • Polarity in polymers • Atoms that result in polarity: F, O, N, Cl

  18. Functional groups

  19. Aromaticity Increasing Aromaticity

  20. Monomer Polymer Polymers • Monomers—Polymers Monomer Polymer

  21. Polymers • Carbon based and silicon based • Almost all polymers are based on carbon • Silicones and related polymers are the only silicone based polymers

  22. Addition Polymerization Mechanism • Monomer in vessels (temperature and pressure) • Initiator—free radicals • Attack C=C (π bond) • Bond and make new free radical • New π bond reaction • New free radical created • Continuation • Termination

  23. Addition Polymerization

  24. Addition Polymerization Initiation and growth

  25. Addition polymerization Initiator

  26. Addition Polymerization Chain Termination—Unreacted end, another chain

  27. Addition Polymerization Chain Termination—Unreacted Peroxide

  28. Addition Polymerization Chain Termination—Ozone Quench

  29. Addition Polymerization • Copolymers from Addition Polymerization • Block Copolymer • Random Copolymer • Regular Copolymer • Graft Copolymer

  30. Condensation Polymerization • Mechanism • Monomers (2) • Each has two reactive sites • Monomer ends react • Condensation • Removal of condensate • Chain termination ends reaction

  31. Condensation Polymerization • Monomers/Polymers

  32. Making a polyamide (nylon)

  33. Condensation Polymerization Chain termination

  34. Making a polyester

  35. Polymer Growth Mechanism Dependence on previous step Initiator needed Type of monomer Number of active sites (functional groups) per monomer Number of different types of monomers needed to form polymer By-product formed Basic (polymer repeat unit) representation Polymer chain characteristics Branching Chain reaction Yes—dependent sequential events Yes Contains carbon-carbon double bond 1 1 No Monomer without the double bond and with bonds on either side A few, long chains Possible Addition vs. Condensation Condensation polymerization Addition polymerization Step-by-step reactions No—independent events No Has reacting bifunctional groups on the ends 2 2 (usually) Yes (usually) Two monomers joined together Many not very long chains Unlikely

  36. Rearrangement Polymerization

  37. Thank You Remember the molecules

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