Blood & Cardiovascular System

1. Blood & Cardiovascular System Alex Ferguson & Talibay Twine Period 4

2. Interesting Facts • A healthy heart beats on an average of 100,000 times a day • The human heart is approximately the size of your fist • Ahealthy heart pumps 2,000 gallons of blood through 60,000 miles of blood vessels each day.

3. What is the Heart? • The heart is an Involuntary, hollow muscle that pumps blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated muscle contractions which is the lifeline of the body.

4. What Is the Heart?

5. Cardiovascular Terminology • Artery:A vessel that transports blood away from the heart. • Arteriole:A small branch of an artery that communicates with a capillary network. • Capillary:A small blood vessel that connects an arteriole and a venule. • Venule:A vessel that carries blood from capillaries to a vein. • Vein: A vessel that carries blood toward the heart.

6. Cardiovascular Structure & Location • The Heart is divided into four hollow chambers- two on the left and two on the right • Upper Chambers Atria • Receive Blood returning to the heart. • Superior to the ventricles • Lower Chambers Ventricles • Receive blood from the atria and contract to force blood out of the heart into arteries • Inferior to atria

7. Cardiovascular Structure & Location • The right atrium receives blood from two large veins • Superior vena cava • carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart’s right atrium • Inferior vena cava • carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart

8. Cardiovascular Structure & Location • The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins • Pulmonary veins • Two from the right lung and two from the left atrium

9. Cardiovascular Structure & Location • The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs through the pulmonary trunk • Pulmonary trunk • Divides to form the left and right pulmonary arteries that lead to the lungs • The left ventricle pumps blood to the remainder of the body via the aorta • Aorta • The largest artery in the human body; distributes oxygenated to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation

10. Cardiovascular Structure & Location • Between right atria and ventricle lies the tricuspid valve and between the left atria and ventricle lies the mitral valve • Tricuspid valve • Permits blood to move from the right atrium into the right ventricle and prevents backflow • Mitral valve (bicuspid valve) • Permits blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle

11. Cardiovascular Structure & Location • At the base of the aorta between the aorta and left ventricle is the aortic valve. • Aortic valve • Permits blood to leave the left ventricle and prevents blood from backing up into the ventricle

12. Cardiac Cycle Terminology • Systole: the phase of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber wall contracts • Diastole: Phase of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber wall relaxes

13. Blood’s Pathway Through The Heart • Blood with low oxygen and high carbon dioxide enters the right atrium through the vena cavae. The right atrial wall contracts (systole) and the blood passes through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve closes and blood moves through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk and its branches (pulmonary arteries). From the pulmonary arteries, blood enters the capillaries associated with the alveoli of the lungs.

14. Blood’s Pathway Through The Heart • Following gas exchanges between the blood in the capillaries and the air in alveoli, freshly oxygenated blood returns to the heart through pulmonary veins that lead to the left atrium. The left atrial wall contracts, and vlood moves through the mitral valve into left ventricle. When the left ventricular wall contracts, the mitral valve closes, and blood moves through the aortic valve and into the aortic branches.

15. Blood’s Pathway Through The Heart

16. Pulmonary Circulation • Pulmonary Circuit: sends oxygen depleted (deoxygenated) blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide.

17. Systemic Circulation • Systemic Circuit: sends oxygen rich (oxygenated) blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes wastes • Waste and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the cell into the blood, and oxygen in the blood diffuses into the cell

18. Heart Sounds • The heartbeat sound heard through a stethoscope sounds like a lubb dupp • Due to vibrations within the heart tissues associated with the closing of valves • Lubb • Occurs during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closing • Dupp • Occurs during ventricular relaxation when the pulmonary and aortic valves are closing

19. Blood Components • Blood: Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones; helps maintain the stability of the intertital fluid; and distributes the heat • The blood the heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system and link the body's internal and external environment • Blood is vital in transporting substances between body cells and the external environment, thereby promoting homeostasis

20. Blood Components • Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) • Shape places cell membrane closer to oxygen carrying hemoglobin • Bloods red apperance caused by hemoglobin • Cell Production= hematopoiesis • Forms in yolk sack, liver, • White Blood Cells (leukocytes) • Protect against disesas in the immune system • Phagocytize bacterial cells in the body while others

21. Blood Components • Blood platelets (thrombocytes) • Not complete cells that arise from large cells in red bone marrow called megakaryocytes • fragments releasing small sections of cytoplasm- the platelets into the circulation the larger fragments shrink and become platelets as they pass through blood vessels in the way • Helps close breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate formation of blood cells

22. Blood Components • Blood Plasma • Transports nutrients, gases, vitamins ad serves as the liquid portion of the blood in which the cells and platelets are suspended • Plasma proteins remain in the blood and interstitial fluids and

23. Blood Types • A blood type is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic • May be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group or system • Blood types are inherited by both parents

24. Blood groups • The ABO blood group system is the most important in human blood transfusion • Blood Type AB does not contain AB antibodies • Rh- second most significant group • Hd and antigen D (found on rbc membrane) • Important blood transfusion and birth protection

25. Plasma • Transports nutrients, gases, vitamins and serves as the liquid portion of the blood in which cells and platelets are suspended • Carries absorbed amino acids to where energy used to be.

26. Plasma lipids • Include: phospholipids, cholesterol • Aren't: water soluble • Are: 92% water • What is a lipid?: functions of lipids include energy storage, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes. • These lipids: combine with proteins to form…………

27. Lipoproteins • Any group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma. • The function: of lipoprotein particles is to transport lipids (fats) (such as triacylglycerol) around the body in the blood. • They increase as density decreases

28. Lipoproteins • Chylomicron- high concentration (HC) of triglycerides (TRG). Function: transports dietary fats to muscle and adipose tissue. • Very low density (VLDL)- (HC) produced in Liver from remnants that have given up (TRG). • (LDL)- Function: delivers cholesterol to various cells, including liver cells. • High density lipoprotein(HDL)- (HC) low concentration of lipids Function: transports to liver remnants of chylomicrons that have given up (TRG).

29. Disease • Atheroscleorosis- deposits of fat materials and cholesterol • Form in lining of arterial walls • Walls form plaque • Plaque: -form blood clots • Blood clots: -(ischemia) blood deficiency • -(necrosis) tissue death

30. The End

31. Sources • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001762/ • http://www.encognitive.com/node/1127 • Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Phisiology