MBAA-Rocky Mountain District Meeting

1. MBAA-Rocky Mountain DistrictMeeting Beth McCann Application Engineer August 15, 2007 www.norit-americas.com

2. Contents • What is Activated Carbon • Activated Carbon in the Brewing Process • Granular Activated Carbon for Water Purification • Powdered Activated Carbon to Decolorize Beer • Extruded or Granular Activated Carbon for CO2 Purification • Sterilization Process

3. Introduction To Norit • Worldwide Leader in Activated Carbon • 5 Activation Plants • 4 Reactivation Plants • Broadest Product Line • 7 Different Raw Materials • Turnkey Approach • Systems Capability

4. Turnkey Capability • Technical Service • Laboratory Design • Systems • PAC Dosing and Silo Systems • GAC Adsorbers • Change-out Service • Reactivation

5. What is Activated Carbon ?

6. What is Activated Carbon? • A Microcrystalline and / or Amorphous Form of Carbon • A Rigid “Sponge” of Carbon • The Active Agent in a Separation Process • Network of Pores Surrounded by Carbon • An Adsorbent • It Is NOT a Chemical Compound

7. Activation Methods • Steam Activation: “Burn out” the internal pore structure by reaction with steam in a controlled environment at 900°C to 1000°C • Chemical Activation: Mixing • of milled wood and phosphoric • acid then activate

8. Raw Materials • Lignite Coal GAC & PAC • Bituminous Coal GAC & PAC • Wood GAC & PAC • Peat GAC & PAC, EXT • Olive Pits EXT • Coconut GAC & PAC

9. Activated Carbon Pore Structure Pore Diameter Micropores: <2 nm Mesopores: 2-50 nm Macropores: >50 nm

10. 1 Bituminous 0.9 Lignite 0.8 Wood 0.7 Peat 0.6 0.5 Pore Volume, ml/g 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 <2 nm <2 nm 2-50 nm 2-50 nm >50 nm >50 nm Pore Diameter Pore Size Comparison

11. Forms of Activated Carbon • Powdered (PAC) 100% Less Than 180 Microns • Granular (GAC) US Std. Mesh Sizes • Extruded Pellets (EXT) Diameter in mm

12. Choosing the Right Carbon

13. Adsorption

14. Adsorption * Surface Phenomenon * Accumulation of Substance at a Surface * Two Types - Physical (Van Der Waals Forces) - Chemisorption (Chemical Bond) * Capacity vs. Rate

15. Adsorption process Step 1 : Mass Transport of an impurity (solute or adsorbate) from the fluid to the carbon particle surface film; Step 2 : Diffusion of adsorbate into the pore; Step 3 : Adsorption on interior surface or pore wall.

16. What Controls Adsorption? • Fluid Contacted (Solution or Gas) pH, viscosity, temperature, chemical composition • Type of Impurity concentration, solubility, molecular size, polarity, competitive adsorption • Carbon Type pore volume, dosage, particle size, activation method • Process Design liquid or gas phase, PAC or GAC, contact time, temperature

17. Activated Carbon in the Brewing Process Water Purification Decolorization of Beer CO2 Purification

18. Water Purification

19. Water Purification • Topics • Organic contaminants • Disinfection by-products • Residual disinfectants • Backwashing • Sterilization of bed

20. Water Purification • Removal of organic contaminants • Organics (taste and odor components) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOCs) Natural Organic Compounds (NOCs)

21. Cl Br H C Cl H C Cl Cl Cl Chloroform Dichlorobromomethane Cl Br H C Br H C Br Br Br Dibromochloromethane Bromoform Water Purification • Removal of disinfection by-products • Disinfection by-products (DBPs) Trihalomethanes (THMs) Haloacetic Acids (HAAs)

22. Water Purification Removal of disinfectants Dechlorination • 1. Oxidation of carbon surface • C* + HOCl + H2O C* O + H3O+ + Cl- • C* H + OCl- + H2O C* O + H3O+ + Cl- • 2. Surface oxide formation • HOCl + C* C* HOCl • 3. Reduction of hypochlorite • 2HOCl + 2H2O 2H3O+ + 2Cl- + O2 • C* represents activated carbon

23. Water Purification • Removal of Disinfectants • Chloramine removal • pH < 5 = Monochloramine (NH2Cl) formation • C* + NH2Cl + H2O NH3 + C*O + H+ + Cl- • C* + 2NH2Cl + H2O N2 + 2HCl + C* + H2O • pH > 5 = Dichloramine formation • NHCl2 + H2O + C* NH3 + H+ + Cl- + C*O • C* represents activated carbon

24. Initial Removes dust and fines Stratifies the GAC bed In-service Removes trapped suspended solids Removes inactive biomass following steaming Maintains good hydraulics Water Purification Backwashing of GAC Bed

25. Water Purification • Steam Sterilization of GAC Bed • Backwash to remove solids • Sterilize with steam • Maintained for 15 minutes after reaching 140°F • Backwash with ambient water

26. Water Purification • Caustic Sterilization of GAC Bed • Backwash to remove solids • Sterilize with 2% by wt NaOH or Na2CO3 • Same solution can clean lines downstream • Rinse filter, carbon and lines downstream

27. Beer Decolorization

28. Beer Decolorization • Production of Malternatives • Removal of Color and Taste from Beer • Decolorization - chemically activated carbon • Flavor removal - steam activated carbon • Powdered Activated Carbon Used • Batch Operation

29. CO2 Purification

30. CO2 Purification • In breweries, CO2 is recovered as a by-product of fermentation. It can then be purified, compressed and liquefied for further use in packaging, tank counter-pressure, carbonation, or the preparation of dry ice block or pellets. Its many uses include: • The carbonation of beer, wine, soft drinks and mineral water; • The bottling beverages for preservation during transportation and shelf storage; • Tank pressurization

31. CO2 Purification • Carbon dioxide gas is passed through a CO2 water wash scrubber to remove water soluble fermentation impurities. • The gas then passes through an activated carbon bed toremove non-water soluble fermentation impurities - aldehydes, hydrogen sulfide, ketones, mercaptans, etc. • After purification, the carbon dioxide is then compressed and dried to remove the water vapor. • In the liquefying condenser, the CO2 gas is liquefied to remove any remaining non-condensables (O2, N2). Courtesy of The Wittemann Company, Inc.

32. Are there any questions