Values and dimensions of culture

1. Values and dimensions of culture Lecture 10

2. Values • General goals that define more specific (instrumental) goals • Life guidelines • Criteria of evaluating goals, activities, and events • Hierarchical structure: ultimate (autonomous) goals  instrumental goals

3. Basic values – do they exist? • AbrahamMaslow: • Deficit needs (food, security, self-esteem) • Growth needs (achievement, self-actualization) • Idea used by Ronald Inglehart in studies of nations values

4. Abraham Maslow – Need Hierarchy Growth needs Self- actuali zation Aesthetic Cognitive needs Deficiency needs Esteem needs Belongingness and love Safety needs Physiological needs

5. Gordon Allport • G. Allport: six value types: • economic • political • aesthetic • social • religious • theoretical

6. Value classifications • Milton Rokeach – 36 values • Autonomous and instrumental values • Personal and social values • Competence and morality-related values • Shalom Schwartz – 56 values, 10 categories • Three basic categories of demands: • Biological demands of an organism • Demands of social interactions • Demands of smooth functioning of social groups • Two dimensions • „openness to change” – „conservatism” • „ self-transcendence” – „self-enhancement”

7. Shalom Schwartz Values circumplex

8. Shalom Schwartz’ theory of values Conservation Security Power Tradition Achievement Conformity Self-enhancement Self-transcendence Hedonism Benevolence Stimulation Self-direction Uniwersalism Openeness to change

10. Self-enhancement • Power: • Social status • Control albo dominance over people and resources • Values: • Social power • Authority • Wealth • Preserving public image • Social recognition

11. Self enhancement • Achievements • Personal success due to own competences, in agreement with social standards • successful • Capable • Ambitious • Influential • Intelligent • Self respect

12. Openness to change • Hedonism • Pleasures and sensory gratifications • Pleasure • Enjoying life • Stimulation • Excitement, novelty, life challenges • Daring • Varied life • Exciting life

13. Openness to change • Self-direction • Independence of though and decison, creativity, exploration • Creativity • Freedom • Independence • Curious • Choosing own goals

14. Self-transcendence • Universalism • Undestanding, tolerance, caring about welfare of all people and nature • Open mind, • Broad-minded • Social justice • Equality • World peace • Beautiful world • Unity with nature • Inner harmony • Protect environment

15. Self-transcendence • Benevolence • Caring about well-being of close ones • Helpful • Honest • Forgiving • Loyal • Responsible • True friendship • Mature love

16. Conservatism • Tradition • Respecting customs • Belief that tradition, culture and religion serve individual • Humble • Accepting my role in life • Respect for tradition • Religiosity • Moderate

17. Conservatism • Conformity • Inhibition of actions and impulses that can hurt or are not accepted by others and that go against social norms. • Politeness • Obedience • Self-discipline • Honor elders

18. Conservatism • Security Security, harmony and stability of society and own person • Family • Security • National security • Social order • Clean • Reciprocation of favors • Sense of belonging • Health

19. Another classification of values by Shalom Schwartz Hierarchy Conservatism Mastery Power Security Tradition Achievement Conformity Affective autonomy Harmony Hedonism Benevolence Stimulation Self-direction Egalitarian Commitment Universalism Intellectual autonomy

20. Studies with the Value Questionnaire • 56 values • 52 – the 10 main types • 4 – ”spiritual” values • Autonomous vs. Instrumental values • 30 – autonomous (nouns) • 26 instrumental (adjective) • Rating on 9-point scale • -1 – against my values • 0 – neutral for me • 7 – highest importance

21. Profiles (examples)(from Very much like me to Not like me at all)

22. Cross-cultural studies • 97 samples (about 200 subjects in a sample) • 44 countries from all continents • Years 1988-1993 • Samples • Teachers from elementary and high schools • University students and pupils • Together 25, 863 subjects

23. Factor analysis of mean national values

24. Main dimensions after factor analysis Hierarchy Conservatism Mastery Power Security Conservation- Tradition Achievement Self-enhancemenet Conformity Affective autonomy Harmony Benevolence Hedonism Self-transcendence Stimulation Openness to change Self-direction Egalitarian Commitment Universalism Intellectual autonomy

25. Structure of values in postcommunist countries Za: Schwartz & Bardi (1997)

26. Structure of values in postcommunist countries Za: Schwartz & Bardi (1997)

27. Relations between values in different countries • Universal values (social justice, world peace, equality) opposite to security values (social order, national security) • In Eastern Europe – no opposition

31. Conservation Ordering of countries (teacher samples) after Schwartz Georgia Estonia Slovakia Poland Malaysia Russia Turkey Bulgaria Hong Kong Czech Republic Tailand Self- enhancement Brasil Portugal Hungary Italy Mexico Israel Finland USA Slovenia China Australia Japan Spain Denmark Self-transcendence New Zealand Greece Germany Openness for experience France Switzerland 0

32. Schwartz’s theory od values and social orientations

33. Prisoner’s dilemma and social orientations A cooperates defects B +10 +4 cooperates +4 -5 -5 -3 defects +10 -3

34. Social orientations as shown in social dilemmas games • Individualism – maximize own gain • Altruism – maximize partner’s gain • Cooperation – maximize joint profit • Competition – maximize relative gain over partner • Equality – minimize difference between own and partner’s gain • Agression – maximize partner’s losses • Masochism – maximize own losses • Martyrdom – maximize relative gain of the partner • Sadomasochism – mazimize joint loss

35. Social values according to McClintock (1988) OTHER -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 Aggression competition sadomasochism masochism individualism MYSELF -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 martyrdom Cooperation altruism

36. Theory of values of Shalom Schwartzand social orientations Competition aggression Martyrdom Power Security Tradition Achievement Conformity Altruism Hedonism Benevolence Stimulation Self-direction Universalism Individualism Cooperation

37. Structure of values and social orientations (cooperation vs. competition) After: Schwartz (1996)

38. Another presentation of value structure Values beyond an individual Tradition Security Conformity Power achievement competence morality Hedonism Stimulation Self-direction Benevolence universalism Values within an individual

39. Ronald Inglehart The World Value Survey Two dimensions of values • Secular-rational vs. traditional authority • Survival (materialistic) vs. post-materialistic values

40. Diagnostic questions: materialism vs. postmaterialism • People sometimes talk about what the aims of this country should be for the next ten years. On this card are listed some of the goals which different people would give top priority. Would you please say which one of these you, yourself, consider the most important? And which one would be the next most importanrt? • A high level of economic growth (M) • Making sure this country has strong defense forces (M) • Seeing that people have more to say about how things are done at their jobs and in their communities • Trying to make our cities and countryside more beautiful

41. If you had to choose, which one of the things on this card would you say is most important? And which would be the next most important? • Maintaining order in the nation (M) • Giving people more say in important government decisions • Protecting freedom of speech • Fighting rising prices (M) • Here is another list.... • A stable economy (M) • Progress toward a less impersonal and more humane society • Progress toward soecirty in which ideas count more than money • The fight against crime (M)

42. Ordering of questions on the dimension of materialism-postmaterialism (study 1974)

43. Traditional (religious) vs. secular values • (1) monoteism – faith in one God • (2) family sacred (attitudes towards abortion, betrayal, prostitution, homosexualism) • (3) social order (attitudes towards theft, lie, agression)

45. Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people? 1. Most people can be trusted2. Need to be careful Social trust

46. European Social Survey – level of trust in European countries