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Classification

Classification. Chapter 18. Learning Targets. How are living things organized for study? Describe binomial nomenclature. Explain linnaeus’s system of classification. Classification. Why do we classify things?. At present scientists have identified more than 2.5 million species.

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Classification

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  1. Classification Chapter 18

  2. Learning Targets • How are living things organized for study? • Describe binomial nomenclature. • Explain linnaeus’s system of classification.

  3. Classification Why do we classify things?

  4. At present scientists have identified more than 2.5 million species.

  5. Classification • There is a great diversity of living things • In order to understand relationships between living things and bring order to the world, we use a CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM to group organisms • At first, used common names- but they vary among languages • Ex: Buzzard in the UK is a hawk, but Buzzard in the US is a vulture

  6. Binomial Nomenclature • During 18th Century, Carolus Linnaeus developed a two word naming system called binomial nomenclature. • This system is still in use today • In this system, each species is assigned a two-part scientificname. Giant PandaAiluropoda melanoleuca

  7. Binomial Nomenclature • Binomial Nomenclature: • Genus name is always FIRST • Species name is always SECOND • EX: Ursus maritimus or Ursus maritimus is the name for a polar bear. • Ursus is the genus (it includes 5 kinds of bears) • maritimus is the species • The name is always in italics or underlined! • The first word is CAPITALIZED, and the second word is lowercased.

  8. Movie1 Movie 2

  9. Classification of Linnaeus • After naming organisms, Linnaeus grouped organisms together by shared characteristics • The groups to which an organism belongs is called a taxa • The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups is called Taxonomy

  10. Taxonomy • Study of identification and naming and placing things in groups or taxons (categories) • Linnaeus’s system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. • Classification groups things in a logical manner according to: • Form • Evolutionary Relationships • DNA and RNA Similarities • Biochemical Similarities

  11. TaxonomyClassifying organisms • Linnaeus’s System of Classification • Categories from Largest to Smallest: • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  12. How do I remember this?? • King Kingdom • Phill Phylum • Came Class • Over Order • For Family • Great Genus • Soup Species

  13. Humans • Kingdom: Animal • Phylum: Chordate • Class: Mammal • Order: Primate • Family: Homonid • Genus: Homo • Species: Sapien Scientific Name: Homo sapiens

  14. Sea star Coral snake Grizzly bear Black bear Red fox Abert squirrel Giant panda KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos ORDER Carnivora

  15. Learning Targets 18.2 • Explain how evolutionary relationships are important in classification. • Identify the principle behind cladistic analysis. • Name the 6 Kingdoms of life as they are now identified. • . Describe the 3 domain system of classification

  16. How do we classify? They use characteristics such as, homologous structures in adults and embryos, and biochemical similarities. • NOW we place them into categories based on evolutionary descent • Derived characteristics (appear in new parts of lineage) are used to construct cladograms • CLADOGRAM: Diagram showing evolutionary relationships

  17. How do we classify? • Similar DNA and genes Virtually every organism has its own form of cytochrome c, which is a complicated protein molecule in the electron transport chain. This can be used tell how closely related organisms are. Molecular clocks • A way of looking at DNA to estimate the length of time that species have been evolving independently

  18. Appendages Conical Shells Crustaceans Gastropod Molted exoskeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION CLADOGRAM Cladogram Crab Crab Limpet Limpet Barnacle Barnacle

  19. Kingdoms and Domains • In taxonomy, as in all areas of science ideas and models change as new information arises • Linnaeus had originally had a two kingdom system to categorize living things • Kingdoms Animalia and Plantae • Through time, we realized this was not enough to represent the full diversity of life

  20. Kingdoms

  21. Kingdoms • As scientists learned more and more about living things, we now have 6 Kingdoms, which are: • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

  22. Domains • Using rRNA, scientists have been able to further categorize living things • They developed a category known as the Domain • Domain is even larger than a kingdom • Three Domain System • Bacteria (Eubacteria) • Archaea (Archaebacteria) • Eukarya (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)

  23. Classification of Living Things DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURE NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multi Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Eukarya Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

  24. DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae FungiAnimalia DOMAIN BACTERIA Three Domain System

  25. Dichotomous Key • Tool used by biologists that uses morphological or biochemical DIFFERENCES to distinguish one life form from another • Dichotomous means having 2 forms • Dichotomous keys use 2 forms of each of several characteristics to identify a species • Most are designed to be “either/or” picks

  26. Dichotomous Key

  27. H E J D B G A F I C

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