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CHAPTER 22 Respiration: The Exchange of Gases

CHAPTER 22 Respiration: The Exchange of Gases. Modules 22.1 – 22.4. Surviving in Thin Air. The air at the height of the world’s highest peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen Even expert mountain climbers do not always survive the journey

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CHAPTER 22 Respiration: The Exchange of Gases

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  1. CHAPTER 22Respiration: The Exchange of Gases Modules 22.1 – 22.4

  2. Surviving in Thin Air • The air at the height of the world’s highest peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen • Even expert mountain climbers do not always survive the journey • Thin air can weaken muscles, damage the digestive system, cloud the mind, and sometimes fill the lungs with blood

  3. Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the atmosphere • Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen • They have a large number of capillaries to deliver this oxygen-rich blood to tissues and muscles • Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly over the Himalayas

  4. O2 Lung CO2 1 Breathing Circulatorysystem 2 Transportof gases bythe circulatorysystem Mitochondria 3 O2 Servicing ofcells withinthe bodytissues CO2 Capillary Cell Figure 22.1

  5. Cut Cross sectionof respiratorysurface (theskin coveringthe body) CO2 O2 Capillaries Figure 22.2A

  6. Air sacs Tracheae Openingfor air Bodycell Tracheole Airsac Trachea Air Body wall Figure 22.5A, C

  7. Body surface Respiratorysurface(gill) Capillaries CO2 O2 Figure 22.2B

  8. Lungs in land vertebrates • Tracheae in insects Body surface Body surface Respiratorysurface(tracheae) Respiratorysurface(within lung) O2 Body cells(no capillaries) CO2 O2 Capillary CO2 Figure 22.2C, D

  9. Figure 22.5B

  10. The human respiratory system Nasalcavity Pharynx (Esophagus) Left lung Larynx Trachea Rightlung Bronchus Bronchiole Diaphragm (Heart) Figure 22.6A

  11. Figure 22.6C Oxygen-richblood Oxygen-poorblood Bronchiole Alveoli Blood capillaries Figure 22.6B

  12. Figure 22.10A

  13. Hemegroup Iron atom O2 loadedin lungs O2 O2 unloadedin tissues O2 Polypeptide chain Figure 22.10B

  14. TISSUE CELL CO2 produced INTERSTITIALFLUID CO2 BLOODPLASMAWITHINCAPILLARY CO2 Capillarywall CO2 H2O REDBLOODCELL Hemoglobinpicks upCO2 and H+ H2CO3 Carbonic acid HCO3– + H+ Bicarbonate HCO3– Figure 22.11A

  15. ALVEOLAR SPACE IN LUNG CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 H2O HemoglobinreleasesCO2 and H+ H2CO3 HCO3– + H+ HCO3– Figure 22.11B

  16. 22.8 Breathing ventilates the lungs Rib cageexpands asrib musclescontract Rib cagegets smalleras rib musclesrelax Airinhaled Airexhaled Lung Diaphragm INHALATIONDiaphragm contracts(moves down) EXHALATIONDiaphragm relaxes(moves up) Figure 22.8A

  17. Brain Cerebrospinal fluid BREATHING CONTROLCENTERS—stimulated by: Pons Medulla CO2 increase / pH decreasein blood Nerve signalindicating lowO2 level Nerve signalstriggercontractionof muscles O2 sensorin artery Diaphragm Figure 22.9 Rib muscles

  18. Figure 22.7A, B

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