The Public Health Knowledge Base

1. The Public Health Knowledge Base Friday, May 25th, 2001 MLA Continuing Education Class MLA Annual Conference Orlando, Florida

2. Welcome • Introduction to Instructors • Nancy Allee • Kris Alpi • Ron Bialek • Karyn Pomerantz • Neil Rambo • Virginia (Ginny) Tanji

3. Agenda • Session 1, 8:00a – 10:00a • Break, 10:00a – 10:30a • Session 2, 10:30a – 12:00p • Lunch, 12:00p – 1:00p • Session 3, 1:00p – 3:00p • Break, 3:00p – 3:30p • Session 4, 3:30p – 5:00p • Class Evaluation; Class Ends at 5:00p

4. Learning Modules • Session 1: Introduction to Public Health • Nancy Allee & Neil Rambo • Session 2: PubMed and Public Health Search Strategies • Kris Alpi • Session 3: Using Public Health Data • Ron Bialek • Session 4: Public Health Resources on the Internet • Karyn Pomerantz & Virginia (Ginny) Tanji

5. Objectives of Class • Participants will be able to describe the nature, content, and purpose of public health research. • Participants will be able to identify major achievements in public health history and current research trends. • Participants will be able to apply search strategies for locating public health information. • Participants will be able to explain how public health data is used in research. • Participants will be able to effectively search the Internet for public health information and resources.

6. Introduction of Participants • Please take a few minutes to introduce yourself to the person sitting on your right. Suggested information to find out about your neighbor: • Name • Work Affiliation • Interest in Course • Favorite Disney Character • Please introduce your neighbor to the class.

7. Introduction to Public HealthSection 1, Part 1 Public Health from an Academic Perspective Nancy Allee, MLS, MPH Director, Public Health Information Services & Access University of Michigan nallee@umich.edu

8. Quiz: Test Your Public Health Knowledge • Test your Public Health Knowledge by taking the online test created by the Association of Schools of Public Health • http://www.asph.org/get_section.cfm/67/124

9. Definition:Knowledge Base • What is a Knowledge Base? • Knowledge base [COMPUTER SCIENCE] A collection of facts, assumptions, beliefs, and heuristics that are used in combination with a database to achieve desired results, such as a diagnosis, an interpretation, or a solution to a problem.{'nälij bs } • AccessScience @ McGraw-Hill: The Online Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.

10. Definition:Health • Whatis Health? • Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. • Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization.http://www.who.int/m/topicgroups/who_organization/en/index.html

11. Definition:Public Health • What is Public Health? • The Mission ofPublic HealthThe fulfillment of society’s interest in assuring the conditions in which people can be healthy. • TheSubstanceofPublic HealthOrganized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and promotion of health. • The Organizational FrameworkofPublic HealthEncompasses both activities undertaken within the formal structure of government and the associated efforts of private and voluntary organizations and individuals. • The Future of Public Health, 1988.

12. Similarities and Differences between Public Health & Medicine • Class Discussion

13. Public Health & Medicine Public Health Medicine Patient Entire Populations Individuals Intervention Assessment, Policy development, Assurance Medical, Surgical treatment Process System management Patient management Outcome Healthy community Healing

14. Core Disciplines • Behavioral sciences/health education • Biostatistics • Environmental health • Epidemiology • Health services administration

15. Related Disciplines • Biomedical and laboratory practice • Dental public health • International public health • Maternal and child health • Occupational health and safety • Public health program management/practice • Preventive medicine • Public health nursing

16. Historical Highlights in Public Health Selected Highlights from the Department of Health and Human Services http://www.hhs.gov/about/hhshist.html • 1798: The first Marine Hospital, a forerunner of today's Public Health Service, was established to care for seafarers. • 1887: The federal government opened a one-room laboratory on Staten Island for research on disease, thereby planting the seed that was to grow into the National Institutes of Health. • 1964: Release of the first Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. • 1965: The Medicare and Medicaid programs were created, making comprehensive health care available to millions of Americans. • Continued…

17. Historical Highlights in Public Health • 1966: International Smallpox Eradication program established. Led by the U.S. Public Health Service, the worldwide eradication of smallpox was accomplished in 1977. • 1981: Identification of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS. In 1984, the HIV virus was identified by PHS and French scientists. In 1985, a blood test to detect HIV was licensed. • 1998: The Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health is launched. The initiative focuses on six key areas of health: infantmortality, cancer screening and management, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and immunizations. • 2000: Scientists complete the map of the human genome.

18. Historical Overview of Public Health • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Historical Highlights • http://www.hhs.gov/about/hhshist.html • Web site designed to help people learn more about public health and about the Public Health Service • http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/phs200/ • Images From the History of the Public Health Service • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/phs_history/contents.html • Historical List of Surgeon Generals of the Public Health Service • http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/historical-data/surgeons.html • Continued…

19. Historical Overview of Public Health • Timeline from the CDC • http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/timeline.htm • WHO’s Fifty Years of International Public Health • http://www.who.int/archives/who50/en/50years.htm • Profiles in Public Health by Johns Hopkins SPH • http://support.jhsph.edu/sph/sphheros.cfm?list=yes • A History of Public Health from Virginia Commonwealth University • http://views.vcu.edu/commed/IntroPH/Introduction/Phhx97.html

20. Achievements in Public Health • Class Discussion

21. Vaccination Motor-vehicle Safety Safer Workplaces Control of Infectious Diseases Decline in Deaths from Coronary Heart Disease & Stroke Safer & Healthier Foods Healthier Mothers & Babies Family Planning Fluoridation of Drinking Water Recognition of Tobacco Use as a Health Hazard The CDC’s 10 Great Public Health Achievements (1900 – 1999) http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/tengpha.htm

22. Notable Figures from the History of Public Health • Baker, S. Josephine, 1873-1945 (Physician, Public Health & Child Welfare) • http://www.britannica.com/seo/s/sara-josephine-baker/ • Biggs, Hermann M., 1859-1923 (Physician, Health Administrator) • http://156.145.78.54/htm/decades/1880.htm • Frank, Johann Peter, 1745-1821 (Pioneer in Public Health & Social Medicine) • http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=266&tocid=0 • Graunt, John, 1620-1674 (Statistician, Began Statistical Methods of Analysis) • http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=38539 • Hamilton, Alice, 1869-1970 (Pathologist, Founder of Occupational Medicine) • http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/hamilton-a.html • Jenner, Edward, 1749-1823 (Surgeon, Discovered Vaccination of Smallpox) • http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=44512&tocid=0

23. Notable Figures from the History of Public Health • Park, William H., 1963-1939(Physician, Worked on Treatment of Diphtheria) • http://www.phri.nyu.edu/history.htm • Pasteur, Louis, 1822-1895(Chemist, Microbiologist) • http://www.louisville.edu/library/ekstrom/special/pasteur/cohn.html • Salk, Jonas E.,1914-1995(Physician, Medical Researcher, Virologist) • http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/salk.html • Snow, John, 1813-1858 (Epidemiologist, Anesthesiologist) • http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html • Wald, Lillian D., 1867-1940 (Public Health Nurse, Social Worker) • http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=77909&tocid=0 Discover more about notable Public Health figures in George Rosen’s A History of Public Health and Dorothy Porter’s Health, Civilization and the State.

24. Public Health from the Past to the Present

25. Accrediting Agencies & Professional Organizations • American Public Health Association (APHA) • http://www.apha.org/ • Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) • http://www.asph.org/ • Community Health Accreditation Program (CHAP) • http://www.chapinc.org/ • Council on Education for PublicHealth (CEPH) • http://www.ceph.org/ • Public Health/Health Admin, MLA (MLA PH/HA) • http://www.phha.mlanet.org/phha.html

26. Who Provides Leadership in Public Health? A short list of key individuals: • Tommy G. Thompson, JD • Secretary, DHHS • David Satcher, MD, PhD • Surgeon General & Assistant Secretary for Health • Jeffrey P. Koplan, MD MPH • Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) • Elizabeth M. Duke, PhD (Acting) • Administrator, Health Resources & Services Admin. (HRSA) • Mohammad N. Akhter, MD, MPH • Executive Director, American Public Health Association (APHA)

27. Who Provides Leadership in Public Health? A short list of key organizations: • International • World Health Organization (WHO)http://www.who.int/ • Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)http://www.paho.org/ • National • Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)http://www.os.dhhs.gov/ • Public Health Service (PHS)http://www.os.dhhs.gov/phs/ • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)http://www.cdc.gov/ • Continued…

28. Who Provides Leadership in Public Health? A short list of key organizations: • National • Public Health Foundation (PHF)http://www.phf.org/ • Partners in Information Access for Public Health Professionalshttp://nnlm.gov/partners/ • State • Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO)http://www.astho.org/ • Local • National Association of City and County Health Officials (NACCHO)http://www.naccho.org/

29. Who Funds Public Health Research? • American Public Health Association (APHA) • http://www.apha.org/legislative/budget2001.htm • Centers for Control and Prevention (CDC) • http://www.cdc.gov/funding.htm • Community of Science (COS) • http://www.cos.com/services/ • National Institutes of Health (NIH) • http://grants.nih.gov/grants/index.cfm • National Science Foundation (NSF) • http://www.nsf.gov/home/grants.htm

30. Current Research Issues & Trends • Health Disparities • International/Global Health • Genetic Epidemiology/Statistical Genetics • Genetically Modified Food Discover more from The Nation’s Health, The American Journal of Public Health, and other resources to be mentioned in class.

31. Academic Settings • Schools of Public Health • List of Schools of Public Health From the American Public Health Association • http://www.apha.org/public_health/schools.htm • Rankings of Schools of Public Health from US News & World Report • http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/beyond/gradrank/gbpubhea.htm • Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region • http://www.ensp.fr/aspher/Aspher.htm

32. Behavioral sciences and health education Biomedical and laboratory practice Biostatistics Environmental health sciences Epidemiology Health services administration International public health Maternal and child health Nutrition Occupational safety and health Public health dentistry Public health practice and program management Career Opportunities in Public Health The Association of Schools of Public Health has identified 12 fields in which most public health careers are found: http://www.ascd.org/health_in_education/career_ph.html

33. Locating Career Opportunities in Public Health • Selected Web Sites • American Public Health Association • http://www.apha.org/career/ • Association of Schools of Public Health • http://www.asph.org/aa_section.cfm/12 • Selected Publications • The Nation’s Health (Newspaper) • American Journal of Public Health

34. Public Health Libraries A short list of academic collections and resources in designated Public Health Libraries: • Berkeley • http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/PUBL/ • Johns Hopkins • http://www.welch.jhu.edu/about/lil.html • University of Michigan • http://www.sph.umich.edu/phisa/ • University of Texas, Houston • http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu:8054/library/default.htm • Yale • http://info.med.yale.edu/eph/library/

35. Academic Libraries with Public Health Collections & Resources A short list of Academic Health Sciences Libraries with Public Health resources: • Columbia University • http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/library/ • George Washington University • http://www.gwumc.edu/library/ • Harvard University • http://www.countway.harvard.edu/ • University of Hawaii, Manoa • http://www.hawaii.edu/sphlib/ • University of North Carolina • http://www.hsl.unc.edu/ • University of Washington • http://healthlinks.washington.edu/hsl/

36. Public Health Libraries, Frequently Asked Reference Questions, and Corresponding Internet Resources Based on Information Provided by Reference Librarians at the University of Michigan. • Career Information • Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD)http://www.ascd.org/health_in_education/career_ph.html • Chemical Properties/Structures • ToxNet (NLM)http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ • Citation Information • Web of Science (ISI Citation Database) (Subscription Based) • http://proxy.lib.umich.edu:2048/login?url=http://www.webofscience.com/ • General Public Health Research • MEDLINEplus (NLM)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi For additional information, please refer to handout.

37. Public Health Libraries, Frequently Asked Reference Questions, and Corresponding Internet Resources Based on Information Provided by Reference Librarians at the University of Michigan. • Government Related Information • Federal Register (NARA)http://www.nara.gov/fedreg/ • Grant Information • National Institute of Health (NIH)http://grants.nih.gov/grants/index.cfm • Health/Environmental Standards • NIH’s National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) http://www.niehs.nih.gov/ • International Health • World Health Organization (WHO)http://www.who.int/home-page/ For additional information, please refer to handout.

38. Public Health Libraries, Frequently Asked Reference Questions, and Corresponding Internet Resources Based on Information Provided by Reference Librarians at the University of Michigan. • Minority Health • Office of Minority Health (OMH)http://www.omhrc.gov/ • Measurement Instruments • Health and Psychosocial Instruments (HAPI) http://medsearch.lib.umich.edu(Subscription Based) • Nutrition • Nutrition.govhttp://www.nutrition.gov/ • Personal Health/Medical Advice • HealthWeb http://www.healthweb.org • Statistics • National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) http:/www.cdc.gov/nchs For additional information, please refer to handout.

39. Produced by the World Federation of Public Health Associations this call to action addresses Challenges for Public Health at the Dawn of the 21st Century http://www.apha.org/wfpha/call_to_action.htm A list of major Public Health problems from The Nation’s Health, 5th Edition. Tobacco Use HIV/AIDS Dietary Patterns & Sedentary Lifestyles Alcohol & Drug Abuse Chronic Diseases (Heart Disease, Cancer, Cerebrovascular Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity) And a growing list of environmental hazards Challenges Facing Public Health

40. Challenges Facing Public Health • Public Health Work Force Declining in Numbers. The Nation’s Health. March 2001, page 1. • 1970: 500,000 • 2000: 448,254 + 2.5 million volunteers • Technical Support 14% of work force • Administrative Support 11% • Public Health Nurses 11% • Public Health Physicians 1.3% • Epidemiologists/Biostatisticians < 1%

41. Public Health Training & Credentialing • Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) • http://www.hrsa.gov/ • HRSA Establishes a Nationwide Network of Training Centers • http://www.hrsa.gov/Newsroom/NewsBriefs/2001/Phcenter.htm • American Public Health Association (APHA) and American Schools of Public Health (ASPH) Develop a Coalition of Public Health Organizations & Agencies on Credentialing the Public Health Workforce. • Credentialing Project Gains Momentum. The Nation’s Health. April 2001, page 5.

42. Public Health Communication and Awareness National Public Health Week, April 2-8, 2001. • This national celebration provides an opportunity to recognize the contributions of public health to the nation's well-being as well as help focus public attention on major health issues in our communities (APHA Web Site). • For more information : • American Public Health Association • http://www.apha.org/news/press/nphw.htm • Maryland’s Recognition of National Public Health Week • http://mdpublichealth.org/ohp/html/phw.html

43. Public Health Communication and Awareness • APHA Annual Conferences • 2001, Atlanta • Theme: Global Health • 2002, Philadelphia • Theme: Putting the Public Back in Public Health

44. Introduction to Public HealthSection 1, Part 2 Public Health from a Community-Based & Public Health Practice Perspective. Neil Rambo, MLS Associate Director, Health Sciences Libraries University of Washington nrambo@u.washington.edu

45. Public Health Practice • Objectives are to understand: • Practice environment • Information needs • Implications for information support

46. Practice Settings • Community-wide • Prevention-oriented • Partnership-driven • Core functions • Assessment • Policy development • Assurance

47. 10 Essential Public Health Services • Monitor health status • Diagnose & investigate health problems • Inform, educate, and empower • Mobilize community partnerships • Develop policies and plans • Continued…

48. 10 Essential Public Health Services • Enforce laws & regulations • Link people to services • Assure competent workforce • Evaluate services • Research solutions to health problems

49. Core Functions

50. HP2010 Objectives • Ch. 23—Infrastructure • Data and information systems • Workforce • Public health organizations • Resources • Prevention research