Carbon in Life and Materials

1. Carbon in Life and Materials

2. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds: • Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds • Often contain N, S, P • Major types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. • Are not just living things but can also be made in a lab…example: sugar www.organicsbydesign.com www.hermann-uwe.de

3. Inorganic Compounds • Inorganic Compounds: • Substances that do not have carbon-hydrogen bonds • Not normally found in living things • Examples minerals, metals, and salts • Exceptions to the rule: (all inorganic) • Diamonds (C), graphite (C), carbon dioxide (CO2) universoulproductions.wordpress.com www.ndt-ed.org

4. Carbon forms many different compounds • Large variety of compounds results from the number of bonds that each carbon atom can form • Carbon atoms always share four pairs of electrons in four covalent bonds • Single bond • Double bond • Triple bond

5. Carbon-based molecules can have many structures nafaa.pbwiki.com • Chains • Carbon atoms can bond together to form chains that are straight or branched • Rings • Carbon rings contain at least 5 carbon atoms www.green-planet-solar-energy.com

6. Isomers • Isomer: compounds that contain the same atoms, but in different places • Both have 4 Carbons and 10 Hydrogens • Butane • Isobutane cornellbiochem.wikispaces.com

7. Carbon-based molecules are life’s building blocks www.rbge.org.uk • Carbon-based molecules have many functions in living things • Similarities • All contain carbon and hydrogen or oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus. • Large molecules www.ucmp.berkeley.edu

8. Life’s Carbon-based molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids mrscraigsbiology.blogspot.com

9. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrate: contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen…examples: sugars, starches, and cellulose. • Sugar: glucose C6H12O6 • Cells in both plants and animals break down glucose for energy • Starch: many glucose molecules • When starch is broken down many glucose molecules are broken down and used for energy • Cellulose: plant cell walls • Carbohydrate that is composed of glucose

10. Lipids • Lipid: fats and oils that are used for energy and as structural materials in living things • Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Structure different from carbohydrates • Animals store chemical energy in fat • Fat…saturated and unsaturated • Saturated: all the bonds in the lipid are single, most animal fats…too much saturated fat could lead to heart disease • Unsaturated: one or more bonds in lipid are double • Cholesterol • lipid that is part of cell membranes • Makes hormones (chemical messengers in your body)

11. Proteins • Proteins: macromolecules (large) that are made up of amino acids • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements • Many different functions • Function based on order of amino acids • 20 different amino acids make up the proteins in your body • Function is based on structure

12. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids: huge, complex carbon-based molecules that contain information that cells use to make proteins • Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus • Each cell in your body contains a complete set of nucleic acids…so each cell has all of the instructions it needs to make the proteins your body needs

13. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid …nucleic acid that contains the genetic code • Sides of ladder made of sugar and phosphate • Rungs (steps) are made up of cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), Thymine (T). • C and G always pair • A and T always pair eapbiofield.wikispaces.com

14. Carbon-based molecules

15. Carbon Cycle eo.ucar.edu

16. Carbon-based molecules in many materials • Hydrocarbon: a compound made of hydrogen and carbon • Found in large deposits (petroleum) • Polymers • Very large carbon-based molecules made of smaller repeating units (monomers) • Formation by chemical reactions that bond monomers together • Plastics (polypropylene)…capable of being molded or shaped…plastics can be recycled