The 1 st Industrial Revolution & The Civil War

1. The 1st Industrial Revolution& The Civil War

2. 1st Industrial Revolution • Between the late 1700’s – early 1800’s • Begins in Great Britain • Based on • 1. Steam power • 2. Textile industry

3. Steam Power • James Watt – British inventor; improves the steam engine (mower powerful & efficient) Before steam engines, factories powered by river water.

4. Effects of Steam Technology Factories not dependent on rivers/streams . . . Can be built anywhere. Factories can be located anywhere  More Factories Makes bigger machines possible . . . Mass production

5. Effects of Steam Technology Revolutionizes TransportationThe steam-powered Locomotive

6. Textile Industry • New technology + steam energy = textile factories. “Spinning Jenny” “Spinning Mule”

7. Pre-Industrial RevolutionGoods made in small shops & peoples homes by hand. Post-Industrial Revolution Goods made in factories/mill by steam-powered machines

8. Transportation Revolution 1. Canals Ohio & Erie Canal - AKRON

9. Canals Erie Canal (completed 1825) Akron, Ohio Ohio & Erie Canal (1820’s-30’s) • Effects: • Connected major lakes & rivers into a transportation network • Linked western farms to eastern cities • Connected the nation & stimulated economic growth

11. Steamboats Sped up transportation of Goods & people via rivers

12. Railroads • Steam technology leads to development of locomotives & railroad lines Results: • Businesses expand • Increase demand for iron. • Link remote areas of U.S. • Allows easier western expansion

13. First steam powered train Typical 19th century locomotive

14. 1st Industrial Revolution divides America Mostly in the North • Urban growth • Factories • Better transportation • No slave labor The South = Not so much! • Mostly agrarian • Slavery • Fewer/smaller cities • Weaker transportation

15. The South (“King Cotton”) • Textile industry in the North & Great Britain  Increase in demand for cotton • Cotton plantations grow across the South

16. Growth of Cotton Production in the South Year Bales of Cotton Produced 720,000 : 2,850,000 1860: 5,000,000

17. Cotton transported north by river & canal system Railroads

18. Leads to expansion of what institution?

19. “The Peculiar Institution” • Cotton “boom” leads to increase in demand for slaves • 1800: 1 Million slaves • 1860: 4 Million slaves

20. Growth of Slavery in the South

21. Think & Review “Sectionalism” is one term historians use to describe the state of the U.S. from 1800 – 1860. “Sectionalism” describes the differences that divided the North & South that led to the Civil War How was the North and South different?

22. South North Industrial Agrarian Free states Slave states More urban More rural Better transportation Weaker transportation More nationalistic “States rights” No western expansion of slavery Want western expansion of slavery

23. Take out paperfor Notes

24. Brief Review of the Civil War Abraham Lincoln elected President of United States (Republican) Election of 1860 • Pro-economic development of the North • For Restricting slavery in the western territories • For a protective tariff on northern industry

25. 1860 Electoral Map

26. December 1860South Carolina Secedes • Lincoln’s election leads to South Carolina leaving the Union • By February 1861 6 more States secede from the Union • Florida, Georgia Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, & Texas • Believed they had the “right” to leave the Union because of the “Tyranny of the North”

27. Main Causes of Civil War • Economic/social division between North & South • The division over the spread of slavery in the territories • The issue of States versus Federal rights • Growth of the abolition movement in the North • Election of Abraham Lincoln

28. February 1861 Confederate States of America Formed

29. Main Characters George McClellanUnion commander of the Army of the Potomac Removed by Lincoln Robert E. Lee Confederate Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia Ulysees S. Grant Commander of Union forces Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States of America Abraham Lincoln President of the United States

30. April 12, 1861CSA Fires on Fort Sumter;Civil War Begins

31. Major Battles • First Battle of Bull Run – • 1st major battle. Civilians spectators/picnics • CSA army under Stonewall Jackson defeats Union forces. • Ended the “short war” belief of the North. • Battle of Antietam • Lee invades Maryland hoping for victory on Union soil. • McClellan had Lee’s battle plan and intercepted Lee’s forces in Sharpsburg, Maryland • Bloodiest single day of combat: 22,000 killed/wounded. • Lee retreats to Virginia. • Britain decides not to recognize the CSA

32. Major Battles • Battle of Vicksburg • Vicksburg: CSA fortified city on Mississippi River (in Mississippi). • Gen. Grant lays siege to Vicksburg. 7 week artillery attack. • CSA surrenders the city and 29,000 soldiers on July 4,1963. • Resulted in the Union controlling the whole Mississippi River and cutting off Arkansas, Texas, & Louisiana from the rest of the Confederacy. • Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) • Lee invades Pennsylvania, looking for supplies & a CSA victory on Union soil. • Union and CSA forces meet for 3 day battle in Gettysburg, PA • Lee unable to penetrate Union lines. Retreats to Virginia. • Lee’s last offensive battle. Grant chases the rest of the war.

33. Emancipation Proclamation • January 1,1963: Lincoln signs executive order that frees all slaves in states in rebellion of the United States (C.S.A). “…I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, shall recognize and maintain the freedom of such person.” - Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation

34. Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation • Only applied to slaves in C.S.A. Did not immediate free any slaves. • Formally committed the U.S. government to policy of abolition. • Gave the war a moral purpose—Union soldiers were fighting to end slavery. • Slaves gradually freed as Union troops defeated C.S.A. • Authorized freed slaves to fight for Union

35. The Thirteenth Amendment • To abolish slavery within the Union, Constitutional Amendment required. • Passed the House of Representatives on Jan. 31, 1865. Ratified by States in December 1865. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

36. Sherman’s March to the Sea • Grant sends Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman & 100,000 soldiers on a march to subdue the South • Part of Grant’s tactic of “Total War” • Designed to “break the will” of the C.S.A.

38. Sherman’s March to the Sea • Burned cotton fields, barns & houses in their path • Captured and set fire to cities of Atlanta, Savannah & Columbia.

39. Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse • April 9, 1865: Gen. Lee surrenders to Gen. Grant. • Grant treats Lee with respect; allows Lee’s army to return home.