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panOULU ( p ublic a ccess n etwork OULU ) Professor Timo Ojala University of Oulu Department of Computer Science and

panOULU ( p ublic a ccess n etwork OULU ) Professor Timo Ojala University of Oulu Department of Computer Science and Engineering MediaTeam Oulu research group timo.ojala@ee.oulu.fi http://www.panoulu.net Dec 3 , 2013. KampusWLAN. OukaWLAN. OuluNET. RotuaariWLAN. panOULU WLAN

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panOULU ( p ublic a ccess n etwork OULU ) Professor Timo Ojala University of Oulu Department of Computer Science and

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  1. panOULU (public access network OULU) Professor Timo Ojala University of Oulu Department of Computer Science and Engineering MediaTeam Oulu research group timo.ojala@ee.oulu.fi http://www.panoulu.net Dec3, 2013

  2. KampusWLAN OukaWLAN OuluNET RotuaariWLAN panOULU WLAN http://www.panoulu.net • panOULU ~ Campus networks of 5 municipalities and 4 other public organisations + panOULU subscriptions sold by ISPs • Each provider is responsible for maintenance and expenses of its WLAN zone • Common core services are sponsored by City of Oulu and University of Oulu • ~1440 IEEE 802.11 APs • Appear as one large uniform WLAN to users (SSID: panoulu) • Provide open (no authentication) and free (no payment) Internet access to the general public panOULUsubscriptions panOULUregion Ojala T,Orajärvi J, Puhakka K, Heikkinen I & Heikka J (2011) panOULU:Triple helix driven municipal wireless network providing open and free Internet access. Proc. C&T 2011, Brisbane, Australia, 118-127.

  3. Municipal wireless networking (1) • Municipality plays role in provisioning of broadband Internet access in its territory with some wireless technology • Different objectives (Ballon et al. 2009) • Stimulate local economic fabric • Bridge digital divide • Platform for innovation and services • Network for government personnel • Platform for e-government services • Support education • Support tourism • Different inputs and outputs • From site rental to full financing, ownership and operation of network • From limited amount of free usage by city employees to full control and completely free access to general public

  4. Municipal wireless networking (2) • Muniwireless boom in the first half of 2000’s • 357 projects in North America by June 2006 (Tapia et al. 2006) • IEEE 802.11 WLAN entered mass market in year 2000 • No frequency license required • High data transmission capacity • Mature technology • Cost efficient • Good market penetration in end-user devices • The boom soon ran into a roadblock with many high profile casualties • Wireless Philadelphia (Breitbart et al. 2007) • San Francisco TechConnect (Hudson 2010) • Portland, St. Cloud, etc. • Challenges • Societal • Technical • Economical • Legal • Political

  5. Oulu: Different playground in comparison to the North America in terms of municipal wireless • Municipal wireless NOT really driven by • Public safety (police/fd comms specified by government) • Residential access (100% ISP broadband availability in Oulu) • VoIP (high quality reasonably priced cellular offering in Oulu) • Digital divide • Expectations of direct financial savings/profits • WLAN handicapped with 100 mW output power in ETSI

  6. R&D seed: RotuaariWLAN (2002) Wireless Internet connectivity(IEEE 802.11b)up to 400 mwith line-of-sight WLAN positioningwith 5-10 m accuracy Ojala T, Korhonen J, Aittola M, Ollila M, Koivumäki T, Tähtinen J & Karjaluoto H (2003) SmartRotuaari – Context-aware Mobile Multimedia Services. Proc. MUM 2003, Norrköping, Sweden, 9-18.

  7. R&D influence: SmartLibrary (winter 2002-2003) Aittola M, Ryhänen T & Ojala T (2003) SmartLibrary - Location-aware mobile library service. Proc. Mobile HCI 2003, Udine, Italy, 411-416.

  8. Founding of the panOULU consortium (Oct 15, 2013) 4 founding members University of Oulu & Oulu Polytechnic (Academia) City of Oulu (Government)OPOY (incumbent ISP owned by City of Oulu, Industry) Logo Voucher(24 hour guest account)

  9. City of Oulu’s triangular knowledge society strategy Services & Applications KnowledgeSociety Skills & Readiness Infrastructure

  10. Competence Oulu 400 program published (Apr 8, 2005) panOULU info clinics educatinggeneral public • Part of City of Oulu’s 400th anniversary gift to the citizens • 2.4 MEUR development program funded from the City of Oulu’s strategic funds (7/2005 – 12/2007) • 9 subprojects including • panOULU: expansion of the City’s OukaWLANzoneby 400 APs • OmaOulu: Municipal e-service portal • Guidance: Training of citizens’ ICT skills Installation of the 400th AP Celebrating a job well done 

  11. City of Oulu’s panOULU motivation • "Open wireless network is a civil right" • (former) CIO Ilari Heikkinen, City of Oulu • Open and free wireless Internet access in public service points/areas as municipal infrastructure • Nomadic/mobile access regardless of time and place • Tool for e-government services and workforce mobility • Support for local R&D and innovation environment • Increased productivity and competitiveness • Improved well-being • Improved image by staying on the leading edge • See video: http://www.strixsystems.com/video/Strix_PanOULU.html

  12. OukaWLAN at Oulu City Hospital • Example of providing multiple logical networkswith one WLAN infrastructure • Secure okswlan for hospital’s own production use • Staff uses wireless terminals to access patient data • Open and free panOULU for patients and their visitors • Wireless devices (laptops, internet tablets)are available for patients and visitors

  13. Removal of authentication (June 20, 2005) Network usage doubled immediately !!

  14. panOULU subscription published (Feb 3, 2006) Restaurant Amarillo • Two objectives • Provide ISP’s incentive to join panOULU project instead of turning against it • Facilitate expansion of the network into private premises • ISP product allowing any organization to lease a panOULU hotspot into their premises together with their regular ISP subscription • 3 of 6 active ISP’s in the Oulu region elected to productize the concept • Thus, new members #5 (Elisa) and #6 (Netplaza)

  15. panOULU subscription – incorporating telco incentive in municipal wireless panOULU • Operator provided ”turnkey” solution, which comprises of … • Broadband connection (typically xDSL) • Standard business subscription for subscriber’s own production use • Traffic routed via operator’s uplink (VLAN #1) • panOULU hotspot for guests and visitors • WLAN AP(s), switch and L2 link for hooking up the AP(s) into panOULU • Traffic routed via panOULU’s uplink (VLAN #2) • L2 connection  roaming with existing panOULU network • Installation and maintenance • Leasing package (operator owns all HW) L2 connection ISP ”POP”

  16. Organisations having chosen panOULU subscription Educational institute POHTO Sports center Hukka Osuuspankki (bank) Oulu Airport Technopolis

  17. Restaurants, pubs and cafes having chosen panOULU subscription

  18. ICT and media companies having chosenpanOULU subscription Nokia Mobile Zone

  19. Mobile APs (now mostly obsolote) • WiFi AP’s in mobile libraries, buses (obsolete), ferries (obsolete) • Digita’s @450 Wireless Broadband network as uplink • Was then based on Flash-OFDM technology, now WCDMA • IP addressing by connecting AP to panOULU DHCP server over VPN tunnel through @450 network VPN tunnel Wireless Broadband panOULU core Flash-OFDM modem panOULU clients panOULU AP

  20. VTT Technical Centre of Finland joins the panOULU consortium (May 2, 2006) Member #7 VTT has a large campus in Oulu See C&T 2011 paper fora description of the internalbattle at VTT on their visitorWLAN

  21. City council of City of Oulu allocates budget funding for the city’s panOULU operation for the first time (Nov 28, 2007) • Project funding (COMPETENCE Oulu 400 program) was running out • DM Puhakka and CIO Heikkinen got panOULU into the City of Oulu’s budget book in 2008 • Staying there after that is much easier ...

  22. Pulmonary Association joins the panOULU consortium (Feb 18, 2008) • Member #8 • Big campus in Oulu • Amazing what just 1 AP can spark ... (see C&T 2011 paper)

  23. Nordic LAN&WAN Communication joins the panOULU consortium (June 10, 2008) Member #9 Regional ISP Sold ~10 panOULU hotspots to the City of Kuusamo ~215 km from Oulu 

  24. Regional ’panOULUseutu’ network gets funding (Oct 2008) Controller-based WLAN zones in eight nearby municipalities (members #10 - #17) Two mesh zones (Nallikari camping, Virpiniemi) Existing panOULU provides core services

  25. Simplified L2 topology (now partly L3) DNA server room City of Oulu server room Internet Switch #2 Switch #1 Server farm #2 Server farm #1 LRE switch City of Oulu Oulu University of Applied Sciences Universityof Oulu OukaWLAN LAN&WAN KampusWLAN Town #1 DNA VTT Mobile APs Elisa OukaMESH . . HELI RotuaariWLAN Town #8 OuluNET Netplaza CITY REGION

  26. Mesh deployment (1) • Motivation: cost-effective outdoor coverage atcity centre and other selected areas • Mesh reduces the number and cost of fixed backhaul connections • RAPs (Root Access Point) have fixed backhaul (Ethernet) • SLAP (Street Level Access Point) interconnectivity with wireless links (802.11a) • Both RAPs and SLAPs provide client access (802.11b/g) • 70 Strix Systems OWS-2400 series access points • Modular multi-radio • Background scanning • Self-discovery, self-tuning, self-healing

  27. Mesh deployment (2) • Dynamic mesh topology • Each point-to-point link minimizes RTT

  28. Mesh deployment (3) Locations of MESH AP’s at downtown

  29. Mesh deployment (4) • Examples of installed mesh AP’s (4 radios)

  30. 802.11n deployment • City of Oulu started deploying 802.11n AP’s in fall 2009 • City Hall: 16 APs in fall 2009 • First AP: Cisco Aironet AIR-AP1142N-E-K9 • Standalone AP with Cisco IOS,i.e. not managed by WLAN controller • Dual-band (802.11a/b/g/n) • Integrated omni-directional antenna • Purchase price ~435 EUR • Now ”end of sales” • University of Oulu uses now e.g.Cisco Aironet 2602i • Controller-based • Dual-band (802.11a/b/g/n) • Integrated omni-directional antenna (4 dBi) • ~420 EUR

  31. Usage as Internet access network (1) Number of unique devices using panOULU WLAN every month 50000 10/2013 • New usage record in Oct2013 • 51676unique devices • 1.54 million sessions • 30.0 million online minutes • (stats from 575APs) 45000 2/2013 40000 9/2012 35000 2/2012 30000 9/2011 25000 2/2011 20000 3/2010 150009/2008 100009/2007 5000 11/2006 Sharp valleys every summer as universities and schools are on holidays

  32. Usage as Internet access network (2) Profiling of devices using the ”CITY” part in Oct2013 32

  33. Usage as Internet access network (3) Manufacturer proportions compiled from MAC vendor ID Apple Intel Nokia Samsung Nokia Apple Intel Note how laptop usage drops in July Samsung

  34. 2012 study on panOULU users (1) Ylipulli J, Suopajärvi T, Ojala T, Kostakos V & Kukka H (2013) Municipal WiFi and interactive displays: Appropriation of new technologies in public urban spaces. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, in press. Selected stats of questionnaire studies of local high school and university students conducted in May 2012

  35. 2012 study of panOULU users (1) What do you use panOULU for? High school students University students

  36. DPI analysis of panOULU network traffic (1) Application categories Streaming media 49 days (7 weeks) of traffic in Nov-Dec 2012 Passive deep packet inspection with Procera Networks PL8720 hooked to the main internet gateway

  37. DPI analysis of panOULU network traffic (2) Most popular web domains Traffic volume # connections

  38. DPI analysis of panOULU network traffic (3) Youtube usage

  39. QoS comparison vs commercial 3.5G (HSPA) mobile data (1) Ojala T, Kokkoniemi J, Luukkonen J, Hakanen T, Salmi O & Pokkinen P (2012) Reflecting QoS of low-cost multi-provider municipal WiFi on commercial 3.5G mobile data and ISM spectrum occupancy. Proc. MobiWac 2012, Paphos, Cyprus, 37-44. • User device: Dell Latitude E4310 w/ 64-bit Windows 7 Enterprise OS • WLAN: Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6200 AGN • DNA 3.5G: Nokia CS-17 (HSDPA & HSUPA) • Sonera 3.5G: Huawei E173 (HSDPA & HSUPA) • Saunalahti 3.5G: Huawei E153 (only HSDPA) • Measurements conducted in Nov 2011 • 17 locations around Oulu • 4 distinct measurements at each location for a total of 68 measurements • Measurements were conducted at standstill, i.e. mobility was ignored • Note: operators deployed 3.9G (LTE) in the Oulu region in spring 2012

  40. QoS comparison vs commercial 3.5G (HSPA) mobile data (2) MOS corresponds to an estimate of the quality of a voice conversation that would be typically obtained by the connection being measured • Test servers • Throughput: http://academicaoy.speedtest.net/ • Packet loss, RTT, jitter and grade: http://academicaoy.pingtest.net/ Connection quality grades

  41. QoS comparison vs commercial 3.5G (HSPA) mobile data (3) Connection grade distributions (%) Median downlink/uplink throughput (Mbps)

  42. QoS comparison vs commercial 3.5G (HSPA) mobile data (4) • panOULU WLAN provides QoS favorable to that of commercial 3.5G mobile data • Of course, measurement locations were selected so that panOULU WLAN was accessible • Deploying indoor WLAN coverage with high QoS is straightforward • Deploying uniform outdoor WLAN coverage with QoS assurances is difficult and expensive • Congested DL of panOULU’s Internet gateway (100/100 Mbps) was bottleneck at busy hours • IEEE 802.11n technology provides considerable improvement in throughput and quality

  43. QoS comparison vs commercial 3.5G (HSPA) mobile data (5) panOULU’s Internet gateway was downlink bottleneck • Nominal capacity of the gateway was 100/100 Mbps • Busy hours >2000 concurrent users → <50 kbps nominal average capacity • Recently gateway has been upgraded to 300/300 Mbps

  44. More recent end-user QoS measurements in fall 2012 • panOULU WLAN: Internet gateway upgraded to 300/300 Mbps • Sonera: LTE Traffic at Internet gateway

  45. Usage as R&D resource (examples) Backhaul for • Mobile multimedia services • Aittola et al. (2003) • Korhonen et al. (2006) • Kukka et al. (2008) • Ojala et al. (2003, 2004) • Peltonen et al. (2003) • Mobility/QoS/security • Kuptsov et al. (2009) • Sun et al. (2004, 2005) • Sutinen & Ojala (2005) • Network analysis and monitoring • Ernst et al. (2007) • Kenttälä et al. (2009) • Ojala et al. (2005, 2008, 2011) • Pervasive gaming • Tiensyrjä et al. (2010) panOULU WSN panOULU BT Ojala T, Kukka H, Heikkinen T, Lindén T, Jurmu M, Kruger F, Sasin S, Hosio S & Närhi P (2010) Open urban computing testbed. Proc. TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, 1277-1288.

  46. TimeMachine Oulu (2003) Peltonen J, Ollila M & Ojala T (2003) TimeMachine Oulu - Dynamic creation of cultural-spatio-temporal models as a mobile service. Proc. Mobile HCI 2003, Udine, Italy, 342-346.

  47. panOULU Conqueror (2009) Tiensyrjä J, Ojala T, Hakanen T & Salmi O (2010) panOULU Conqueror: Pervasive location-aware multiplayer game for city-wide wireless network. Proc. FNG 2010, Leuven, Belgium, 157-165.

  48. UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access) technology pilot (2006) • Goal: Evaluation of UMA technology in real-world setting • Access to GSM/GPRS services over unlicensed spectrum (WLAN/BT) • Priorisation of connection types (WLAN > GPRS/3G) • Consortium: Nokia, DNA, City of Oulu

  49. Mobile IP technology pilot (2006-2007) • Goal: Safe and seamless connections for City of Oulu’s mobile workers in a multi-access network environment • Consortium: City of Oulu, Fujitsu Services, Secgo Software • 1-year pilot to City purchasing production system WLAN Imposed profound changes on City of Oulu’sPC policy and mobile work habits

  50. City of Oulu’s panOULU expenditure in 2011 (1) Comments on expenditure of AP backhaul connections • Different backhaul connections have different unit costs • 380 APs of IT administration had total backhaul expenditure of 47585 EUR (125.22 EUR/AP) • Expenditure of AP backhaul connections of the 200 APs of other divisions is estimated with 125.22 EUR/AP

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