Perceptions

1. 2: Inter-Act, 13th Edition Perceptions

2. Social Perception Also known as “cognitive perception,” it is the set of processes by which people perceive themselves and others.

3. Perception The process of selectively attending to, organizing, and interpreting the information that we receive through our senses

4. Attention & Selection Organization Interpretation

5. Attention and Selection Selection is determined by: • Our needs • Our interests • Our expectations

6. Organization • Simplicity: the brain reduces complex stimuli into recognized forms • Pattern recognition: the brain organizes information into recognizable patterns or systems of interrelated parts

7. Interpretation The process of assigning meaning to the information that has been selected and organized

8. Dual Processing in Perception • Automatic processing • Fast, subconscious • Heuristics: rules of thumb for how something is to be viewed based on experience • Conscious processing • Slow, deliberative approach • We examine and think about the stimuli

9. Perceiving Others Uncertainty reduction theory: ways individuals monitor their social environments to know more about themselves and others

10. Impression Formation Physicalappearance: predictions based on appearance Implicit personality theory: inaccurate perceptions based on the association of physical or other characteristics with personality traits Assumed similarity: thinking that others who share one characteristic with you also share others

11. Attributions Attributions: reasons we give for our own and others’ behavior Situational attribution: attributing behavior to an external situation, outside of a person’s control Dispositional attribution: attributing behavior to someone’s internal disposition or personality

12. Person-Perception Biases Person-Perception Biases – selective perception, stereotyping, halo effects, forced consistency, projection, and fundamental attribution error Selective Perception – inaccurately paying attention only to what we expect to see or hear and ignoring what we don’t expect

13. Stereotyping Prejudice –stereotyping based on the characteristics of a person’s group Discrimination – acting differently toward a person based on prejudice Racism, Ethnocentrism, Heterosexism, Sexism, Ageism, Able-ism – belief that the behaviors or characteristics of one group are inherently superior to those of another

14. More Biases Halo effects –thinking a person has a whole set of related personality traits when only one trait has actually been observed Forced consistency – interpreting conflicting different perceptions of another person so our interpretation of what we see remains consistent Projection – thinking that someone who is like us in one respect will share other characteristics and attitudes Fundamental attribution error – ascribing others’ negative behavior to their dispositions while ascribing our negative behavior to the situation

15. Improving Social Perceptions • Question the accuracy of perceptions. • Seek more information. • Use conscious processing. • Realize that perceptions change. • Use perception checking.

16. Self-Perception Self-concept –your perception of your competencies and personality traits Self-esteem –your evaluation of your perceived competence and personal worthiness

17. Cultural & Self-Perception Independent self-perception: viewing traits, abilities, and personality as internal and universally applicable Interdependent self-perception: viewing traits, abilities, and personality as dependent upon the situation

18. Positive Self-Esteem Perception of having a characteristic + Personal belief that the characteristic is of positive value = Positive self-esteem -Mruk

19. Accuracy of Self-Concept and Self-Esteem • Incongruence: gap between self-perception and reality • Self-fulfilling prophecies: events that happen as the result of being foretold, expected, or talked about • Filtering messages: paying attention only to messages that reinforce our current self-concept

20. Self-Perception and Communication Our self-perception affects our communication by influencing our messages to/about ourselves and to/about others.

21. Self-Perception Online Online communication attitudes influence how much you communicate through social media. Howcomfortable are you with. . . • Digital self-disclosure? • Digital social connection? • Convenience? • Digital apprehension? • Miscommunication?

22. Social Media: the Human Factor • Self-disclosure provides opportunities for connection. • Remember that miscommunication can occur. • Convenience is both an opportunity and a challenge.