Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals

I shall name this land….. Lower Moreland Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals Day 37-38 Age of Isms McKay 761-770, Palmer 11.53

The Age of Isms Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 -Reform Bill of 1832 • Factory Act 1833 • Poor Law of 1834 Mines Act Congress of Vienna Ten Hours Act (1847) Congress of Verona, 1822 Corn Laws Repealed Congress of Troppau (1820) Socialism Romanticism Marxism Nationalism 1815 1820 1825 1830 1838 1842 1846 1848 (Springtime of Peoples) Decembrist revolt -March Days (Austria) -Frankfurt Assembly Chartists Movement Burschenschaft formed Carlsbad Decrees issued (1817) Peterloo Massacre (1819) July Revolution February Revolution (France)

Introduction • After the end of the Enlightenment, the fall of Napoleon and the onset of the Industrial Revolution, Europe saw the emergence of various, competing ideologies • Conservatism (1792) • Liberalism (1819) • Romanticism (1820) • Socialism (1832) • Nationalism (1812) • Marxism (communism) (1840s) Repressive Conserv. Gov. 1848 Isms Train

Congress (Metternich) System • Congress of Vienna • Great powers (Austria, GB, Russia, Prussia)(later France) agreed to work in “Concert” to stop growing Isms from spreading • Known as Metternich System • Chief diplomatic paradigm from (1815-1848) • Very Conservative • Feared liberalism, nationalism, republicanism • Feared nationalism the most • “a war of all against all” • Goals • Contain France • Restore “legitimate” monarchs • Maintain balance of power • Maintain peace • Stop “Isms” from spreading

Conservatism • Basic Tenets • A reaction against liberalism (Enlightenment) • Saw violence and terror of French Revolution as product of Enlightenment ideas • Supporter of restoration of “legitimate” monarchs • Believed people can be easily lead astray if allowed to give in to their passions • Therefore impulses of society must be restrained by traditional institutions • Government, the Church • Ideology of the nobility, the Church, peasants • Loved order, stability, tradition, and religion • Hated notion of a Revolution (change) • Society is organic • Reject idea of social contract • History and God were sole sources of legitimate power • Rejected idea of natural rights • Every people is different • Believed in hierarchical society • Some were born to rule • Hero • Edmund Burke- Reflections of the Revolution in France • ism of the governments of Europe from 1815-1848

Reflections of the Revolution in France • "I cannot [...] give praise or blame to anything which relates to human actions, and human concerns, on a simple view of the object, as it stands stripped of every relation, in all the nakedness and solitude of metaphysical abstraction. Circumstances [...] are what render every civil and political scheme beneficial or noxious to mankind. Abstractedly speaking, government, as well as liberty, is good; yet could I, in common sense, ten years ago, have felicitated (congratulated) France on her enjoyment of a government (for she then had a government) without inquiring what the nature of that government was? [...] Can I now congratulate the same nation upon its freedom? Is it because liberty in the abstract may be classed amongst the blessings of mankind, that I am seriously to felicitate a madman, who has escaped from the protecting restraint and wholesome darkness of his cell, on his restoration to the enjoyment of light and liberty? [...] I should, therefore, suspend my congratulations on the new liberty of France until I was informed how it had been combined with government, with public force, with the discipline and obedience of armies, with the collection of an effective and well-distributed revenue, with morality and religion, with the solidity of property, with peace and order, with civil and social manners. All these (in their way) are good things, too, and without them liberty is not a benefit whilst it lasts, and is not likely to continue long.

Classic Liberalism • Adam Smith followers • Believers in Classic Liberalism • Proponents of laissez-faire economics • Anti-mercantilism • Free hand of the market and free trade (Smith) • in free market regulation comes from natural laws (law of supply and demand, diminishing returns) • no tariffs • all people should follow their own enlightened self interests which will generate general welfare of all • Gov.'s job is to preserve security of life and property • Sometimes referred to as Manchester School (of thought) • Thomas R. Malthus • Essay on the Principle of Population • Population always tends to grow faster than food supply • Without “positive” checks of disease, war, etc. marriage should be delayed • David Ricardo • Iron law of wages • when workers earn more than subsistence wage they breed more children who eat up the excess and reduce working class to subsistence Thomas R. Malthus If they'd rather die, then they had better do it and decrease the surplus population. Good night, gentlemen. Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol

“Classic” Liberalism • Rooted in Enlightenment • Believed that the individual is a self-sufficient being • The ism of the middle class (bourgeoisie), factory owner, some Romantics • Favored written constitution • Distrusted Gov. • Reject republicanism (universal male suffrage) • Love Lockean notions of the right of rebellion, and natural rights • Favored Smithian Laissez-faire economics (against restraints in trade) • Supported Locke’s notion of Tabula Rasa • Favored balance of power, free trade, education, free press, religious toleration • Heroes: Locke, Smith, Philosophes, Ricardo, Malthus

Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures (1835).I have visited many factories, both in Manchester and the surrounding districts, during a period of several months and I never saw a single instance of corporal punishment inflicted on a child. The children seemed to be always cheerful and alert, taking pleasure in using their muscles. The work of these lively elves seemed to resemble a sport. Conscious of their skill, they were delighted to show it off to any stranger. At the end of the day's work they showed no sign of being exhausted. What isms is Ure?

David Ricardo: The Iron Law of Wages, 1817 • As population increases, these necessaries will be constantly rising in price, because more labour will be necessary to produce them. If, then, the money wages of labour should fall, whilst every commodity on which the wages of labour were expended rose, the labourer would be doubly affected, and would be soon totally deprived of subsistence. Instead, therefore, of the money wages of labour falling, they would rise; but they would not rise sufficiently to enable the labourer to purchase as many comforts and necessaries as he did before the rise in the price of those commodities....

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book IV, Chapter IX According to the system of natural liberty, the sovereign has only three duties to attend to ... first, the duty of protecting the society from the violence and invasion of other independent societies; secondly, the duty of protecting, so far as possible, every member of the society from the injustice or oppression of every other member of it, or the duty of establishing an exact administration of justice, and thirdly, the duty of erecting and maintaining certain public works and certain public institutions, which it can never be for the interest of any individual, or small number of individuals, to erect and maintain...

Romanticism • Rooted in Plato, Rousseau and Kant • Plato-innate ideas • Rousseau- Emile’s praise of childhood, and nature, Noble Savage, first impulse • Kant- rejected Locke’s notion of tabula rasa in favor of categorical imperative • Innate subjective sense of what is good and beautiful, moral • A reaction against the Enlightenment, rationalism, classicalism, liberalism & Industrial Rev. • Favored imagination & spontaneity over classical rules (art & literature) • Sturm & Drang (Storm and Stress or Drive) • Feeling & emotion over reason • Idealized view of medieval times & nature • Rejected notion of “progress” & universal laws” • said each historical period & people were unique, organic, and different • At the forefront in fighting slavery, industrial evils • Often the ism of writers, musicians, dramatists, nationalists Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, John Constable Neuschwanstein Castle

Wanderer Looking over a Sea of Fog (1815) Caspar David Friedrich 1774 – 1840) century German Romantic painter Click for Beethoven’s Symphony #9

Romanticism • William Blake (1757-1827) • English poet, painter, and printmaker • And did those feet in ancient time (1804) • Poem based on Book of Revelation of Jesus’ second coming to establish a New Jerusalem (heaven) • “dark satanic mills” refers to the Industrial Revolution’s destruction of Nature • Says we must use our mental tools and make the best of this world Blake's "Newton” And did the Countenance DivineShine forth upon our clouded hills?And was Jerusalem builded hereAmong these dark Satanic mills? Bring me my bow of burning gold!Bring me my arrows of desire! Bring me my spear! O clouds unfold!Bring me my Chariot of Fire!I will not cease from mental fight;Nor shall my sword sleep in my handTill we have built JerusalemIn England's green and pleasant land.

British House of Parliament (Neo-gothic) 1840-1860 Click for Romantic Documentary

Lord Byron, speech about the Frame Breaking Act (1812) which made frame breaking a capital offence • During the short time I recently passed in Nottingham, not twelve hours elapsed without some fresh act of violence; and on that day I left the county I was informed that forty Frames had been broken the preceding evening, as usual, without resistance and without detection. Such was the state of that county, and such I have reason to believe it to be at this moment. But whilst these outrages must be admitted to exist to an alarming extent, it cannot be denied that they have arisen from circumstances of the most unparalleled distress: the perseverance of these miserable men in their proceedings, tends to prove that nothing but absolute want could have driven a large, and once honest and industrious, body of the people, into the commission of excesses so hazardous to themselves, their families, and the community. What is his Point of View? What isms is he?

Lord Byron, Song of the Luddites (1816) As the Liberty lads over the sea Brought their freedom, and cheaply with blood, So we, boys, weWill die fighting, or live free, And down with all kings by King Ludd! When the web that we weave is complete, And the shuttle exchanged for the sword, We will fling the winding sheet Over the despot at our feet, And dye it deep in the gore he has poured.Though black as his heart its hue, Since his veins are corrupted to mud, Yet this is the dewWhich the tree shall renew Of Liberty, planted by Ludd!

French Utopian Socialism • Rooted in the Renaissance (Sir Thomas More), French Rev (Convention) • a reaction to the evils of the Industrial Revolution • Believed in government economic planning • Hated cutthroat, selfish, individualistic and chaotic capitalism • Private property should be regulated or abolished • Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) • Proposed that the Doersor Captains of Industry (scientists, engineers, industrialists) should plan the economy • Ex. Five Year Plan (Soviet Union) • Public should own the means of production • Public works projects, investment banking • Parasites (monarchs, aristocracy, Church) should step aside A phalanstère was designed to obliterate class distinctions. Inhabitants of all social standing were to work and live together, in close association and cooperation.

French Utopian Socialism From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. Louis Blanc, The Organization of Work, 1840 • Louis Blanc (1811-1882) • Organization of Work (1839) • proposed social workshops (state supported manufacturing centers) where workers labor for themselves without the intervention of private capitalists • Temporarily put into practice during Revolutions of 1848 in Paris • Robert Owen (1771-1858) • Industrialist and cotton lord of Manchester • Appalled by conditions of mill-workers • Created a model community • High wages • Reduced hours • Corrective against vice(drunkenness) • Schools • Housing • Stores • paternalistic capitalism turned him into a social reformer

Nationalism • A raised level of consciousness of a particular peoples’ traditions, history, land, language, culture that say they should be joined together in a nation • Glued mostly by a “fixed” language & Romanticism • Linguists & scholars had begun to fix national languages through journals, books, newspapers, Bible (Luther) • Rejected Congress of Vienna and its principle of “legitimacy” • Favor idea of popular sovereignty • Although certain minorities came to dominate national character (Hungary) • Proponents promoted • idea of nationalism’s economic and administrative efficiency (Frederick List) • A nation, like a person, is free & a creation of God • Religious figure • Poland as the crucified Christ • Often fused with romanticism, conservatism, liberalism Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix (1830)

Nationalism Continued • Most influential in Germany • JOHANN HERDER • Father of German Nationalism • Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind (1784) • Volksgeist – “Spirit of the People” • Common people (Volk) is where national character existed • Rejected Enlightenment idea of progress (Reason) • Said each nation should develop their own way and avoid distortions by outside influence • Didn’t think that German culture was better but different JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERDER (1744 - 1803)

Johann Gottfried von Herder:Materials for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784 Nature brings forth families; the most natural state therefore is also one people, with a national character of its own. For thousands of years this character preserves itself within the people and, if the native princes concern themselves with it, it can be cultivated in the most natural way: for a people is as much a plant of nature as is a family, except that it has more branches. Nothing therefore seems more contradictory to the true end of governments than the endless expansion of states, the wild confusion of races and nations under one scepter. An empire made up of a hundred peoples and a 120 provinces which have been forced together is a monstrosity, not a state-body. Has a people anything dearer than the speech of its fathers? In its speech resides its whole thought-domain, its tradition, history, religion, and basis of life, all its heart and soul. To deprive a people of its speech is to deprive it of its one eternal good.... As God tolerates all the different languages in the world, so also should a ruler not only tolerate but honor the various languages of his peoples.... The best culture of a people cannot be expressed through a foreign language; it thrives on the soil of a nation most beautifully, and, I may say, it thrives only by means of the nation's inherited and inheritable dialect. With language is created the heart of a people; No greater injury can be inflicted on a nation than to be robbed of her national character, the peculiarity of her spirit and her language. Reflect on this and you will perceive our irreparable loss. Look about you in Germany for the character of the nation, for their own particular cast of thought, for their own peculiar vein of speech; where are they? Read Tacitus; there you will find their character: "The tribes of Germany, who never degrade themselves by mingling with others, form a peculiar, unadulterated, original nation, which is its own archetype. Even their physical development is universally uniform, despite the large numbers of the people," and so forth.

Cultural Nationalism • Father Jahn: • known as Turnvater Jahn, or the "father of gymnastics" • Created the balance beam, horizontal bar, the parallel bars & vaulting horse • organized a youth movement (political gymnastics clubs) • Did calisthenics for Fatherland, made fun of aristocrats in French costumes, suspicion of foreigners (Jews, internationalists) • IE. things that might corrupt the purity of German Volk, book burnings • "Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and Jews are Germany's misfortune." A Turnverein of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (August 11, 1778 – October 15, 1852)

Cultural Nationalism • Grimm’s Fairy Tales • Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm (b. 1786), Wilhelm Carl Grimm (b. 1886) • German academics, linguists, cultural researchers, and authors who Searched for the Volk in German folklore & fairytales • Collected stories from peasants & villagers • Published over 200 tales • Snow White, Hansel & Gretel, Rapunzel • Meant to teach morality, character

Economic Nationalism • Friedrick List • Advocated Zollverein (free trade zones within German states • J. G. Fichte • Closed Commercial state (1800) • outlined a totalitarian system in which the state planned and operated whole economy in isolationist fashion, thus protecting national character • Address To The German Nation, 1807 • there was an engrained German spirit, primordial, to be kept pure at all costs • German spirit is better than others "making Jews free German citizens would hurt the German nation."

Scientific “Marxist” Socialism • Based on philosophy of Karl Marx (1818-1883) & Friedrich Engles (1820-1895) • Brutal and militant revolutionary vision of how the working class would defeat bourgeoisie • Based inversely on Wilhelm Hegel’s philosophy • German nationalistic philosophy who said history is the story of Dialectic (2 opposing pts. Of view) Ideals • said there is an irrespirable tendency for human mind to move forward by the creation of opposites (dialectic) • a rejection of Enlightenment ideals • First there is one view, idea, belief or event called the thesis • Then an opposing view called antithesis arises • Out of these two (many times a compromise of the two) is the synthesis (THE TRUTH) • Dialectic Materialism –explains all human history • All change comes through the clash of antagonistic elements • Historical development is the result of conditions created by the interaction of such forces

Scientific “Marxist” Socialism • Economic causation to all human history/Class struggle • All human history is a story of a struggle over material (resources) between haves and have nots • Monarch v. Nobility • Nobility v. Bourgeoisie • Bourgeoisie v. Proletariat • Theory of Surplus Value • the “stolen” portion of the value of the product the proletariat labored over • The profit of the capitalist (Bourgeoisie) • Inevitability of Communist State • Believed that history is scientific (predictable) • Capitalism contains the seeds of its own destruction • Bourgeoisie will exploit the proletariat until class consciousness rises & workers destroy capitalism in favor of a Dictatorship of the Proletariat • But Marxism holds that each stage must be carried through • Feudalism, Capitalism, Communism • A classless society (will emerge) • Work according to one’s ability, take according to one’s needs • Communist Manifesto (1848) • A call for revolution • “..let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!”

Honore Daumier’s Third Class Carriage French artist, was deeply interested in the underprivileged. In Third-Class Carriage he shows us, with great compassion a group of people on a train journey. We are especially concerned with one family group, the young mother tenderly holding her small child, the weary grandmother lost in her own thoughts, and the young boy fast asleep. These are not portraits of particular people but of mankind.

Europe 1815-1848 Nationalism Utopian Socialism Marxism Liberalism Romanticism Metternich Conservativism Concert System

Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals