Ideologies of the Cold War

1. Ideologies of the Cold War Unit 8

2. Allied leaders FDR, Churchill and Stalin met in February 1945 at the Yalta Conference. • They agreed to organization a United Nations and Germany was divided into four zones. The French, Americans and British united their zones in the West and the Russians controlled the East. • Tensions grew between Stalin and the other Allies at the Potsdam Conference • Communist Russia and Poland now controlled much of Eastern Europe. • The US occupied Japan from 1945-1952. By 1947 Japan had a constitution and a democratic government with universal suffrage. Post* WWII and the US

3. The United States, Britain, Russia and China met in 1944 and created an international organization called the United Nations. • The UN included a general assembly for all member nations and a 15 member Security Council with five permanent nations, including the United States, and ten rotating positions. • One of the first U.S. delegates to the UN was former first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt. The United Nations (the UN)

5. At the Potsdam Conference, the Allied leaders agreed that “stern justice shall be given out to all war criminals….” • The German War Crimes trials were known as the Nuremberg Trials. Twelve Nazi leaders were sentenced to death, thousands more were jailed, fined or barred from holding public office • Many Nazis fled to Latin America to avoid prosecution. • Seven Japanese leaders were sentenced to death in War Crimes Trials held in Tokyo. • The Search Continues War Crimes Trials

7. By 1946 more than 9 million men and women had been discharged from the army. • The GI Bill (officially titled the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944) gave money to military veterans to start a business, buy a farm, or go to college. • Women were encouraged to leave the workforce and become full time homemakers • In 1946 alone almost 5 million workers participated in strikes for higher wages and shorter working hours. Problems of Demobilization

9. The Roots of the Cold War (Jarrett, Zimmer, & Killoran, 2012)

11. Soviet expansion after WWII fueled American mistrust. • Winston Churchill described the Soviet influence as an “Iron Curtain” that had divided East and West Europe. • The US and Russia began a dispute over atomic weapons. The US tried to regulate their production but the Soviet Union rejected inspections and created their own A-bombs (atomic bombs) • Berlin airlift,1948–49, supply of necessities to West Berlin by US air transports primarily. It was initiated in response to a land and water blockade of the city that had been instituted by the Soviet Union in the hope that the Allies would be forced to abandon West Berlin. The Cold War Begins

13. American leaders respond to Soviet domination with a Containment Policy – not attempting to overturn Communism where it already exists but prevent it from spreading • The Truman Doctrine provided military support for countries resisting Communism • Marshall Plan sought to prevent expansion of Communism • NATO was developed • The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October 1962 • The Iron Curtain divided Europe between Communist and Democratic • Berlin Wall was constructed to divide East and West to halt the flow of human resources US Responses

14. In 1946 a civil war broke out in Greece and Communist-led rebels threatened to overthrow the Democratic government. • In a speech to Congress that would later become known as the Truman Doctrine, the President asserted that the US must protect free peoples from outside pressures. • Congress responded to Truman by approving $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey. The Truman Doctrine

15. Harry S. Truman

16. Notes #2

17. After WWII, European economies were in shambles and horrible blizzards worsened an already difficult situation. • In April of 1948 Secretary of State George C. Marshall presented his European Recovery Program to Congress. • By helping Europe, economies were quickly restored and the U.S. gained strong trading partners in the region. • Initially Congress hesitated to accept the Marshall Plan, but when the Soviet Union overthrew Czechoslovakia, Congress agreed. The Marshall Plan

19. Leading up to the election of 1948, President Truman had begun to take steps to end racism in the US. • In December of 1946,Truman created the Committee on Civil Rights. In1948, Truman banned racial discrimination in hiring federal employees. • Truman’s strong stand on civil rights split the Democratic Party and Southern Democrats created the States’ Rights Party or ‘Dixiecrats’. • Republican saw the split as a sure win, but in a great upset, Truman defeated Dewey. The Election of 48’

20. WRONG! The newspaper incorrectly reported Dewey as the winner! Truman upset Dewey in the election.

21. In 1949 nine Western European nations joined the US, Canada and Iceland to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). • NATO members pledged to defend the other nations in case of an outside attack. • In response to NATO the Soviet Union joined other Communist Nations in a similar agreement known as the Warsaw Pact. • After NATO the US began to station troops in Europe and provided massive aid to its allies NATO and the Warsaw Pact

23. Since the 1920’s, China had two main political parties the Chinese Communists and the Nationalist Party. • During WWII the two sides put away their differences to focus on defeating Japan. • After the War, fighting resumed and the US began to send money to the Nationalist Party • By 1949, Communist forces led by Mao Zedong controlled most of the country and established the People’s Republic of China China Falls to Communists

25. Serious Funny

26. In 1947 the United States established the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) to gather strategic military and political info. • To crack down on the Communist Party in the US the Congress created the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). • In 1950 Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed to have a list of known Communist supporters, he used his position on a Senate investigating committee to accuse hundreds of Communist ties with little or no proof. • The United States and the UK worked together to intercept encrypted Soviet messages and to create the Venona Papers which listed Soviet spies in the US. Communist Fears in America: McCarthyism

29. Edward R. Murrow was a hero. When this nation was drowning in cowardice and demagoguery, it was Murrow who hurled the spear at the terror. The spear was his See It Now television broadcast on Senator Joe McCarthy.

30. Notes #3

31. Hiss worked in the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. • In 1948, Whitaker Chambers accused Hiss of having been a member of an underground communist organization. • Hiss denied this but was found guilty and served more than three years of a five-year prison sentence. • He released in 1954, still asserting his innocence. He died in 1996. The Alger Hiss Trial

32. Following the Success of the nuclear attacks, America became suspicious of how the Soviet Union received information about the technology • July 17, 1950 Julius Rosenberg was arrested for provided Soviets with information • One month later, Julius’ wife Ethel was also arrested for assisting her husband • Although the evidence against the Rosenberg’s was circumstantial and at times contradictory, a culture of fear led to a guilty verdict under the Espionage Act of 1917 • Two years later, both would be executed in the electric chair Rosenberg Trials (1951)

33. After WWII, the United States began work on the hydrogen bomb or H-bomb which was 1,000 times more powerful than the A-bomb the competition between the Soviets and Americans to develop more powerful Nuclear weapons became known as the “Arms-Race” • The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushchev, launched Sputnik in 1957 ,the first space satellite. Later, when Sputnik II went into orbit around the earth, the US created NASA (National Aeronautical and Space Administration) and began to pour millions into improving education in MATH and SCIENCE. The competition to make discoveries in outer space became known as the “Space Race” Arms Race & Space Race

34. Common items in the shelter were: water, canned food, radio w/ batteries, medical supplies. An air filtration system was used to prevent nuclear radiation (fallout) from entering. Occupants were to be prepared to stay underground for weeks. Children were taught to duck-and-cover in case of a nuclear attack!

35. After WWII, the United States began work on the hydrogen bomb or H-bomb which was 1,000 times more powerful than the A-bomb. • Children were taught to duck-and-cover in case of a nuclear attack (duck under your desk; cover your head) People invested thousands in fallout shelters for their homes. • The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushchev, launched Sputnik in 1957 ,the first space satellite. Later, when Sputnik II went into orbit around the earth, the US created NASA (National Aeronautical and Space Administration) and began to pour millions into improving education in MATH and SCIENCE. Public Fear of Nuclear War

37. In 1952 Dwight Eisenhower became President and a new era began in the United States. • Automation allowed machines to greatly increase productivity in US factories. • Americans began to marry and have children at a younger age. The resulting population increase became known as the Baby Boom. • By the end of the 1950’s, over 46 million households owned televisions. TV commercials helped market many new products across the nation. Life in the Eisenhower Era

38. A television of the 1950’s, black and white, of course. Note: You had to actually go to the TV and turn a knob to change the channel.

39. Elvis ‘The King’ Presley became the leading talent in a new kind of music called rock-n-roll. • Rock-n-roll also crossed racial lines as Little Richard, Chuck Berry and Ritchie Valens became ‘minority stars’ in rock-n-roll. • Many parents felt that music, movies, and literature were creating juvenile delinquents. • Television and films of the 1950’s glamorized rebellion against suburban culture. Youth Culture of the 1950’s

41. Ritchie Valens Chuck Berry

42. "What are you rebelling against?" asks someone. "What've you got?" responds surly, leather-jacketed motorcycle punk Marlon Brando. The landmark teen film that solidified Dean's image with the public follows the story of rebellious middle-class teens, disenfranchised with their parents, and given to a life of thuggery and deadly dangerous drag racing to win over women. Rebels

43. The election of 1960 pitted Eisenhower's VP, Richard Milhouse Nixon against the Democrat, JFK (John Fitzgerald Kennedy) • Kennedy chose Texas Senator, Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) as his running mate. Johnson was chosen partially because Kennedy (from Massachusetts) wanted to attract more Southern voters. Johnson would soon be thrust into the spotlight of American history. • Nixon argued that he was more experienced, but many felt that in the televised debates JFK appeared more confident and relaxed. • Kennedy won the election by only 120,000 popular votes and 84 electoral votes. The Election of 1960

45. Campaign Buttons are excellent collectors items and some are very valuable.

46. In 1959, Fidel Castro led a revolution in Cuba and set up a Communist government. Castro had very close ties to the Soviet Union. • The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) began a project to train Cuban rebels to overthrow Castro and JFK pledged US support. • On April 17, 1961 American trained Cuban forces landed at the Bay of Pigs, but JFK did not provide the support he had promised and Castro’s forces quickly defeated the guerrillas • The incident was a source of embarrassment for Kennedy and pushed Castro closer to the Soviets. Bay of Pigs – A Disaster for the US

48. Cuban Missile Crisis The Bay of Pigs caused Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev to question JFK’s toughness. The Soviet Union erected the Berlin Wall (in Germany) and also began sending long range missiles to Cuba. Kennedy responded aggressively by sending troops to Berlin and blockading Cuba from the Soviets. For several days the US and the Soviets were on the brink of nuclear war, Cuba armed nuclear missiles and Soviet ship moved toward Cuba, but Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle Cuban missiles.