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Understanding Mineralized Tissues in Anatomy

Mineralized tissues such as bone, cartilage, dentin, and enamel are specialized connective tissues originating from mesenchymal cells of the mesoderm. Learn about their structure, cells, fibers, growth, types, and ossification processes in this comprehensive guide.

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Understanding Mineralized Tissues in Anatomy

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  1. Mineralized Tissues • Include bone, cartilage, dentin and enamel • Specialized connective tissue • Originate from mesenchymal cells that are from the mesoderm

  2. Cartilage • Cells: chondroblasts give rise to chondrocytes (mature). • Fibers: collagen (type II), elastic and reticular • Ground substance: glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates) and proteoglycans.

  3. Chondrocytes secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) and become embedded in lacunae. • Cartilage is avascular - exchange occurs by diffusion across ECM. • Growth - appositional (from the edges) and interstitial (from within).

  4. Types of cartilage: • Hyaline • Elastic • Fibrocartilage

  5. Bone • Osteoblasts give rise to osteocytes • ECM of collagen (type I) and hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate) • Osteoclasts resorb bone

  6. Types of Bone • Compact: lamallar structure. Organizational unit is the osteon. Haversial canal supplies blood vessels. Osteocytes in lacunae communicate via cytoplasmic projections within canaliculi. Periosteum contains osteoblasts. • Spongy: same elements as compact bone. Irregular lamellae without osteons. Framework of marrow cavity.

  7. Acellular bone: no canaliculi or processes. Enamel, cementum and dentin of teeth; also plates of scales inteleosts.

  8. OssificationBone deposition is appositional • Intramembranous: bone forms from mesenchyme. Dermal bone and parts of jaw, skull and pectoral girdle. Both compact and spongy. • Endochondral: osssification of preexisting cartilage. Responsible for growth of long bones. Remodeling is constant feature.

  9. Bone Remodeling • Regulated by genes and by mechanical stress. • Growth requires remodeling • Osteoclasts

  10. Connecting Elements • Tendons: attach muscle to bone • Ligaments: attach bone to bone • Aponeurosis: broad flat sheet of tendon or ligament • Tendons and ligaments insert into bone by means of Sharpey’s fibers

  11. ArticulationsUnion of bones or cartilage • Synarthrosis: little movement • Amphiarthrosis: limited movement • Diarthrosis: free movement. Synovial • Ankylosis: bone fused to bone (no a joint)

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