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RESEARCH METHODS

RESEARCH METHODS. By Abuzar Asra References : Utama: Research Methods for Business, 3rd edition by Uma Sekaran Tambahan: Research Methods for Social Relations, by Selltiz, et al. SESSION 2. SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION ( Chapter 2 of Sekaran, 2000). Halmarks of Scientific Research

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RESEARCH METHODS

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  1. RESEARCH METHODS By Abuzar Asra References: Utama: Research Methods for Business, 3rd edition by Uma Sekaran Tambahan: Research Methods for Social Relations, by Selltiz, et al.

  2. SESSION 2. SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION(Chapter 2 of Sekaran, 2000) Halmarks of Scientific Research Building Block of Science Hypothetico-Deductive Method

  3. HALLMARKS OR GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (1) Principle 1: Purposiveness a purposive focus Principle 2: Rigor and Coherent Chain of Reasoning - carefulness, scrupulousness, degree of exactitude - link research to theory - a sound methodological design - such as stating the assumptions, how evidence was judged to be relevant, how data relate to theoretical conception

  4. HALLMARKS OR GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (2) Principle 3: Testability -lends itself to testing logically developed hypotheses with the data/orbservation -can be answered through systematic investigation or observation Principle 4: Replicability the procedures of research and results of individual findings are replicated or repeated, checked and validated in different times, places, and contexts.

  5. HALLMARKS OF OR GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (3) Principle 5: Precision and confidence precision:how close to reality, related to confidence interval; confidence: related to confidence level, the probability that our estimations are correct the greater the precision and confidence we aim at in our research, the more scientific is the investigation Manfaat Precision Confidence

  6. HALLMARKS OR GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (4) Principle 6: Objectivity Based on facts, not hunches, experiences, intuition, our own subjective or emotional values Principle 7: Generalizability The scope of applicability of the research findings to the ‘population’ Carefully designed sampling vs isolated or selected events Principle 8: Parsimony Simplicity, in explaining the phenomena or problems, generating solutions, is preferred

  7. BUILDING BLOCKS OF SCIENCE (1) Deduction: the process by which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logically generalizing from a known fact. e.g., 1. All high performers are highly proficient in their jobs. 2. John is a high performer. Thus, 3. John is highly proficient in doing his job Induction: a process where we observe certain phenomena and on this basis we arrive at conclusions e.g., we see that the production processes are the prime features of factories, we thefore conclude that factories exist for production purposes

  8. Building block of science (2) Observation Identification of problem area Refinement of Theory or Theoretical Framework Implementation Hypotheses Data Interpretation Concepts and Definitions Data Analysis Research Design Data Colllection

  9. Hypothetico-deductive-method (1) Observation 2. Preliminary information gathering 3. Theory formulation Hypothesizing Further scientific data collection Data analysis Deduction

  10. Hypothetico-deductive-method (2) Observation First stage, senses a problem, e.g. certain changes are occurring, or some new behaviors, attitudes, and feeling are surfacing

  11. Hypothetico-deductive-method (3) Preliminary information gathering Seeking of information in depth, of what of observed Unstructured interviewes, i.e. informal talk to relevant people Library research Obtain information through other sources

  12. Hypothetico-deductive-method (4) Theory formulation Integrate all the information in a logical manner, reason for the problem can be conceptualised and tested Guided by experience and intuition Critical variables are examined, esp. their relationships

  13. Hypothetico-deductive-method (5) Hypothesizing From the theorized network of associations among the variables, Certain testable hypotheses or educated conjectures can be generated Hypothesis testing is called deductive research. Process of induction may generate the hypothesis, i.e. after the data are obtained, some creative insights occure, and based on these, new hypotheses could get generated to be tested later

  14. Hypothetico-deductive-method (6) Further scientific data collection After the development of hypotheses, data wrt each variable need to be obtained, to test the hypotheses

  15. Hypothetico-deductive-method (7) Data analysis Analyzed, usu. statistically Both quantitative and qualitattive data (information gathered in a narrative form through interviews and observation)

  16. Hypothetico-deductive-method (8) Deduction Process arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning of the data analyis results E.g. Increasing the stocks was positively correlated customer satisfaction (say, r= 0.8), then one can deduce that if customer satisfaction is to be increased, the shelves have to be better stocked

  17. DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION DEDUCTION PROCESS: Theoretical model is first developed Testable hypotheses are then formulated Data collected Hypotheses tested INDUCTION PROCESS: Data collected New hypotheses are formulated based on what is known from data collected Further data collection Hypotheses tested

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