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Chapter 18

Chapter 18. Practical Applications of Immunology. Vaccine History. Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18 th century) Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease.

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Chapter 18

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  1. Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology

  2. Vaccine History • Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18th century) • Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin • Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease.

  3. Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans • DtaP • Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid • Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis • Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid • Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from N. meningitidis • Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides conjugated with protein • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae antigens conjugated with protein

  4. Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans • Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus • Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus • Rabies: Inactivated virus • Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus • Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus • Measles: Attenuated virus • Mumps: Attenuated virus • Rubella: Attenuated virus • Chickenpox: Attenuated virus • Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine)

  5. Precipitation Reactions • Involve soluble antigens with antibodies Figure 18.3

  6. Agglutination Reactions • Involve particulate antigens and antibodies • Antigens may be: • On a cell (direct agglutination) • Attached to latex spheres (indirect or passive agglutination) Figure 18.4

  7. Hemagglutination • Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs. • Viral hemagglutination inhibition tests for antibodies by the antibodies' ability to prevent viruses from agglutinating RBCs. Figure 18.7

  8. Neutralization Reactions • Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin Figure 18.8b

  9. Complement Fixation Figure 18.9.1

  10. Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Direct) Figure 18.10a

  11. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(Direct ELISA) Figure 18.12a

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