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Blood

Blood. CHS Forensics. Blood History. Different blood types were recognized in 1875, but it wasn't until 1901 that Karl Landsteiner named and standardized the groups.

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Blood

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  1. Blood CHS Forensics

  2. Blood History • Different blood types were recognized in 1875, but it wasn't until 1901 that Karl Landsteiner named and standardized the groups. • In 1940, Landsteiner also discovered the rhesus factor in blood, labeling it Rh+ if the antigen was present in the red blood cells and Rh- if not. 

  3. What is in Blood? • The three types of cellular elements in the blood are: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets. • Plasma is the other portion that is in blood.

  4. What is in Blood • The plasma is the liquid part of the blood, which is 90% water. The other 10% contains proteins, waste products, gases, and nutrients. • Plasma makes up 55% of blood.

  5. Red Blood Cells • Red Blood Cells transport oxygen on molecules called Hemoglobin. • Erythropoiesis is the production of new red cells. • They are made at 2-3 million a second. • Average lifespan is 120 days.

  6. White Blood Cells • Leukocytes are the mobile units of the body’s immune system. They are also called white blood cells. • They defend against the invasion of pathogens. • They identify cancer cells. • They remove the body’s litter by phagocytosis. • They can leave the circulation and go to the sites of invasion and tissue damage. • There are five kinds of leukocytes. • 5-10 million/ml of blood normal.

  7. Platelets • They remain functional for about 10 days. • 1/3 stored in spleen • 250 million/ml of blood • They begin the clotting to a wound.

  8. Blood Typing • RH factor is an antigen on blood that may or may not be on the red blood cell. It is labeled as + or -. • Rare blood types exist in addition to the basic ABO system.

  9. ABO vs DNA • ID stain to one individual • Prior to DNA typing • ABO typing • Polymorphic blood enzymes and proteins • Supplanted by the newer DNA technology • DNA analysis • Associate blood and semen stains to a single individual

  10. ABO Reactions

  11. Heredity and Paternity • Transmission of hereditary material • Genes • Located on chromosomes • Alleles • Alternative forms of genes • Influence a given characteristic (such as eye color or blood type)

  12. Heredity and Paternity • Historically • ABO blood typing system • Plus blood factors other than ABO • Currently • DNA test procedures • Odds of establishing paternity beyond 99 percent

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