Organic Compounds and Carbon Chemistry

1. 3.2: Carbon Compounds • All of the many compounds can be classified in TWO broad categories: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. • ORGANIC CHEMISTRY = • The Chemistry of Carbon = • Chemistry of Life

2. ORGANIC • Made up of mostly what element? • CARBON • -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

3. II. Carbon’s Bonding Behavior A. Outer shell of carbon has ____ electrons; but can hold ____ B. Each carbon atom can form __________ bonds with up to _________ atoms 4 8 covalent four

4. 4 covalent bonds C

5. rings C. Carbon atoms can form _______________ or ______________ • D. Carbon atoms covalently bonded form the ________________ of organic compounds • E. ______________ can project from the carbon backbone chains backbone Functional groups

6. bond with itself F. Carbon’s tendency to _______________ results in an enormous variety of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbon can share two or even three pair of electrons with another atom     a) SINGLE BOND - A bond formed when two atoms share ONE pair of electrons.     b) DOUBLE BOND - Atoms share TWO pairs of electrons.     c) TRIPLE BOND - Atoms Sharing THREE pairs of electrons.

7. Covalent Bonds – single, double, triple

8. C C

9. III. Functional Groups A. Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to a _____________________________ B. Gives organic compounds their different properties ex: HYDROXYL GROUP-OH attached makes an ALCOHOL carbon backbone

10. Examples of Functional Groups Hydroxyl group - OH Amino group - NH3+ Carboxyl group - COOH Phosphate group - PO3- Methyl group - CH3

11. R – Is a repeating unit

12. MONOMERS IV. LARGE CARBON MOLECULES • Large Carbon Compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules called _______________ (building blocks) (MONO = ONE) B. Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as _________________ (POLY = MANY) C. A Polymer consist of repeated, linked units, forming large polymers called ______________________ (MACRO = LARGE) POLYMERS MACROMOLECULES

13. V. Types of Reactions 1. Condensation-Dehydration Synthesis 2. Hydrolysis

14. 1) Condensation Reactions (Dehydration Synthesis) a) Monomers link to form ______________  b) Monomers are CONDENSED and water (H2O) is squeezed out (DEHYDRATE) -H2O is a by-product of the reaction c) Enzymes remove from one molecule, from another  bond formed between two molecules polymers -OH H

15. CONDENSATION (dehydration synthesis) enzyme action at functional groups Visualize! Fig. 3.4a, p. 37

16. BREAKDOWN 2) Hydrolysis a) The _________________ of complex molecules, such as polymers b) SPLITTING of a WATER molecule to ADD -OH group and an H  bonds break that hold polymers together

17. HYDROLYSIS enzyme action at functional groups Visualize! Fig. 3.4b, p. 37

18. 3.3 MOLECULES OF LIFE Four organic compounds: • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids Plants: mostly carbs Animal: mostly protein

19. What is the difference between structural formula and molecular formula? • Molecular Formula: H2O • The way it is written • Structural Formula: H – O – H • The way it looks (arrangement)

20. Human Body Oxygen 65% Carbon 18% Hydrogen 10% Nitrogen 3% Calcium 2% Phosphorus 1.1% Sulfur 0.25% Sodium 0.15% Chlorine 0.15% Magnesium 0.05 Iron 0.004% CHON!

21. 1. Carbohydrates: sugars and starches contain C, H, and O in the ratio of CH2O -carbo (C) hydrate (H2O) a) monomers of sugars (simple sugars) - Monosaccharides

22. 1)eg: Glucose (manufactured by plants) Fructose (found in fruits) 2) ____________: has the same molecular formula but a different structural formula 3) Used for _______________________ ISOMER quick energy

23. Isomers: same molecular formula, but different structural formula glucose fructose galactose

24. b) Disaccharides – double sugar C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O What type of reaction?? dehydration synthesis – combining of 2 monomers (monosaccharides) by squeezing out a H20 1) EXAMPLES: sucrose (glucose + fructose = table sugar) maltose (2 glucose) 2) bond between two monosaccharides is called a ___________________ bond 3) a disaccharide contains __________energy than the two units it is composed of (bc of bond) glycosidic more

25. Disaccharides • Made up of? • Two monosaccharides • What type of bond? • Covalent • “Glycosidic” • What type of reaction? • condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) glucose fructose + H2O sucrose

28. Other sugars: MONOSACCHARIDES OR DISACCHARIDES?

29. Polysaccharides c) _________________ – 3 or more monosaccharides complex carbohydrates, starches, cellulose, chitin 1) most abundant of carbohydrates 2) thousands of _____________ units bonded together by dehydration synthesis = type of: ____________________________ 3) energy storage molecules plants = starch animals = “animal starch” glucose macromolecule glycogen

30. structural also important as _____________ components of organisms: eg. -cellulose = 50% of carbon in plants -chitin = exoskeleton of insects

31. Glycogen • Sugar storage form in _____________ • Large storage in _______ and _______ cells • When blood sugar decreases, liver cells _____________ glycogen, releasing _____________ animals muscle liver breakdown glucose

32. cells store energy as polysaccharides rather than glucose units because the _________________________________ (warehouse of simple sugars) larger molecules will not “leak” out of cells

33. Cellulose and Starch plant cell wall plant energy storage

34. (celery strings)

35. Cellulose & Starch • Differ in bonding patterns between monomers • Cellulose - tough, indigestible, structural material in plants (corn covering ) • Starch - easily digested, storage form in plants (potato insides)

36. 2 Examples of MONOSACCHARIDE • GLUCOSE • FRUCTOSE

37. Example of DISACCHARIDE • SUCROSE (Glucose + Fructose)

38. STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE CHITIN (on insects) 4 examples of POLYSACCHARIDESstores energy: makes up stuff: plants animals

39. 2. Lipids A) Composed of C, H, and O b) Ratio of C to H to O higher than in carbohydrates c) Defined based on their solubility: 1) they are insoluble in ___________ 2) they are soluble in ____________ • Primary function – to store large amounts of energy (twice as much energy as carbs and proteins water soap

40. e) Secondary functions of lipids: • structural components eg. phospholipids- major building block in cell membranes 2. "messengers" (hormones) that play roles in communications within and between cells • (can’t dissolve in blood plasma  protects message) 3. insulation and padding

41. Monomers of Lipids are: 3 fatty acids covalently bonded to a 3-carbon “backbone”- The fatty acids are composed of CH2 units fatty acids glycerol

42. Fatty Acidsbuilding blocks of:(fats, waxes, phospholipids, but not sterols) 1) Carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end Methyl (CH3 )group at the other end 2) Carbon (CH2) backbone (up to 36 C atoms)

43. Single solid • Saturated - __________ bonds between carbons _________ at room temperature 5) Unsaturated – One ________ bond ________ at room temperature • Polyunsaturated – more than one __________ bond _________ at room temp. double liquid double liquid

44. stearic acid oleic acid linolenic acid Three Fatty Acids S PU U

45. 7) Glycerol backbone – fatty acids attach to the glycerol Dehydration synthesis removes the –H from the glycerol and -OH from the fatty acid to form a glycosidic bond.

46. Triglyceride formed by dehydration synthesis + 3H20 glycerol three fatty acid tails triglyceride Fig. 3.8b, p. 40

47. Unsaturated Fat

49. Alpha end – from carboxylOmega end – from methyl# - which carbon has double bond

50. TRANS UNSATURED FAT CIS-UNSATURATED • SATURATED FAT EASIEST TO BREAKDOWN  USUALLY ARTIFICIAL 