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PLANT BIOLOGY

www.jnto.go.jp/eng/indepth/history/hj/moss.html. ourohio.org/index.php?page=growing-fresh-air. PLANT BIOLOGY. http://www.bayergarden.co.uk/images/gardendoctor/feature7.jpg. www.lmpc.edu.au/.../livingthings/gymnosperm.htm. waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm.

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PLANT BIOLOGY

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  1. www.jnto.go.jp/eng/indepth/history/hj/moss.html ourohio.org/index.php?page=growing-fresh-air PLANT BIOLOGY http://www.bayergarden.co.uk/images/gardendoctor/feature7.jpg www.lmpc.edu.au/.../livingthings/gymnosperm.htm

  2. waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

  3. waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

  4. waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

  5. What is a plant? From Latin “Planta” Sole of foot • Multicellular (differentiated cells) • Has haploid spores (n) • Embryo develops inside of female part of plant 4. Mostly photosynthetic (have green chlorophyll) except some parasites, like Indian Pipes and Beach Drops

  6. A Plant is (Cont.): • Except for certain aquatic plants plants have the following adaptations to reduce water loss on land: A. Waxy Cuticle covers stem and leaves – Stomata let air and water in https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/simsphere/workbook/figures/7.1.gif http://www.sxc.hu/pic/m/t/tc/tcreagh/1161450_leaf_stomata.jpg

  7. A Plant is (Con’t.) B. Spores and seeds dispersed by wind and animals C. Roots anchor the plant and help absorb water and nutrients

  8. A Plant is (Con’t.) D. Have STEMS for support and transport of materials within the plant: Vascular Plants (All but Moss which stay short and wet) have: • Xylem tubes to carry water and nutrients up • Phloem tubes to carry sugar down

  9. Actually – Fungi called Mycorrhizae cover or enter the roots of most true plants to assist the plant with absorption of water and nutrients (esp. phosphorus) (roots similar to Lichens) http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9f6p5qcrmew/SjYAQTCG9_I/AAAAAAAAAqE/FfaT0xyXtvs/s400/myco2.JPG

  10. A Plant is (Con’t.) These Mycorrhizae are SO important that the may explain: • why certain plants can live in certain soils only • why soil must be moved with the roots • why citrus trees require more water and fertilizer when treated with fungicides • Why air pollution kills forests (it kills this fungus)

  11. A Plant is (Con’t.) E. Growth regions at the tips of stems and roots to maxamize the use of soil, air and light http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/2153/fig3-10.jpg

  12. Modern classification system 3 Domains (Bacteria (Prokaryote, Moneran with peptidoglycan cell walls), Archaea (Prokaryote, Moneran with no peptidoglycan), Eukarya (with nucleus (Eukaryote) and with cell walls absent or of cellulose or chitin. 6 Kingdoms (Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria – typical bacteria, NO membrain organelles), Archaebacteria (Domain Archaea – live in severe conditions: hot springs, salt pools, no O2, NO membrane organelles), Protista (all not in the other 5), Fungi (chitin cell walls, no chloroplasts), Plant (cellulose cell walls with chloroplasts), and Animal (no cell walls or chloroplasts).

  13. Phylum (Animals only)– Divisions for the rest!! Plant examples: Division Bryophyta and Division Tracheophyta) Class (Coniferinae and Angiospermae) Order (Most important for animals) Family (-idea for animals -aceae for plants) Genus (1 word) (Acer = Maple) Upper case, Underline Species (2 words) 1st (upper case & underline) = the Genus 2nd (lower case & underline) = the specific epithet Species name example = Acerrubrum (Red Maple)

  14. Non-Vascular Plants Division Bryophyta The MOSSES and LIVERWORTS

  15. Moss Life Cycle waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

  16. Find your example of a moss from outside: Locate and sketch the • Gametophyte • Sporophyte

  17. Vascular Plants Division Tracheophyta Without Seeds (Reproduce with spores)

  18. Xylem and Phloem tubes of a vascular plant: https://www.uwsp.edu/natres/nres743/images/T1/tree_layers_web2.jpg

  19. Fern Life Cycle waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

  20. Find your example of a FERN from outside Find and sketch a • Gametophyte • Sporophyte (Label the SORI (spore cases))

  21. Fern Fiddleheads Some species have edible fiddleheads (BUT you MUST learn which are first!!) http://www.thenourishinggourmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/ng_fiddleheads2.jpg http://people.virginia.edu/~lmm6n/images/Fiddlehead.jpg

  22. Vascular Plants with Naked Seeds (Not enclosed in Fruits) Conifers, Cycads and Ginkgos

  23. -Usually 2 years http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_22_Plantae_Fig_f/Pine_Life_Cycle.GIF

  24. Now obtain a pine cone Open up the lower cone leaves and attempt to find a seed. (the pine seeds from some of our western pines have very large seeds and are sold for Food as “Pine Nuts” http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_tXy4SMLFFJg/RtIoUm4eutI/AAAAAAAAAWM/1_QMTWY6r74/s320/pine+nuts_2.jpg http://offtheurbangrid.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/stone-pine-cone-and-pine-nuts.jpg

  25. Class Angiospermae Angiosperms Vascular Plants with Flowers, And seeds inclosed in fruits

  26. Why Angiosperms took over: A. Animals helped in reproduction due to flowers and fruits B. Fruits protect seeds http://www.life.illinois.edu/plantbio/260/Origins/timescale.jpg

  27. Now get out the flower you picked outside Find and sketch the following Stamen, anther, filament, Pistil,stigma, style & ovary Petals, sepals and receptacle

  28. The following illustration shows a typical bisexual flower: waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

  29. Flowering Plant Life Cycle waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm

  30. Angiosperms are divided into Two large Subclasses: • Monocots – often smaller plants • Dicots – often larger plants

  31. How do these 2 Subclasses differ? http://dbs.umt.edu/courses/biol103/labs/Wyrick/10b_plant_diversity_gymnosperms_angiosperms_files/image003.gif

  32. Monocot and Dicot seed http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/seed%20dicot.jpg http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_4_seeds_fruits/images/Corn_Grain_ls.jpg

  33. Now, Please obtain a corn Fruit And a Bean Seed Open each carefully as I talk you through the procedure. Sketch and label the Cotyledon(s) and Embryo in both cases.

  34. What do you believe to be the purpose of the Cotyledon(s) and the Endosperm?

  35. If you said: “Protection” and “Food” you are GOOD!!!!

  36. Next, let’s talk about 7 common local Plant Families And their general characteristics.

  37. Family Fabaceae: Legume Family Fabaceae http://academic.reed.edu/biology/Nitrogen/Nfix1(legumes).html Nitrogen fixation occurs in the root nodules that contain bacteria (Bradyrhizobium for soybean, Rhizobium for most other legumes Pea, alfalfa, clover, common bean, peanut, lentil and Redbud trees are examples. http://www.botany.wisc.edu/garden/UW-Botanical_Garden/Fabaceae.html

  38. PINE FAMILY PINACEAE http://trees.stanford.edu/images/Pinaceae/jeffreyi.jpg

  39. Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) The Largest Plant Family On Earth Capitulum: Inflorescence Of The Sunflower Family waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm http://s3.amazonaws.com/readers/2008/09/22/1_6.jpg

  40. Beach Family (Fagaceae) American Beech(Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/FORESTRY/commontr/american.htm http://lh3.ggpht.com/_HyG4qYcYV1Y/SSkzo9DqHoI/AAAAAAAARi8/kmOeRqgexIo/s800/thome00478.jpg

  41. Flowers Of The Grass, Sedge & Rush FamiliesThe Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Juncaceae waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm Typical Flower Of The Rush Family (Juncaceae) http://librarywork.taiwanschoolnet.org/gsh2009/gsh5845/index06.htm

  42. Rose Family: Rosaceae

  43. Heath Family (Ericaceae) Huckleberry, Blueberry, Cranberry, Bearberry, Azalea, Rhododendron etc. waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/alpine-bearberry

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