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Plant Biology

Plant Biology. Weed Spotter training – Module 2 NAME Weed Alert Contact Officer, CATCHMENT. The kingdoms of life. Monera – Prokaryotic cells without a nuclear membrane, mitochondria or chloroplasts. Includes bacteria and blue-green algae

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Plant Biology

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  1. Plant Biology Weed Spotter training – Module 2 NAME Weed Alert Contact Officer, CATCHMENT

  2. The kingdoms of life • Monera – Prokaryotic cells without a nuclear membrane, mitochondria or chloroplasts. Includes bacteria and blue-green algae • Protista – mostly unicellular, eukaryotic organisms, some of which photosynthesise and some of which don’t. Includes some algae • Fungi –multicellular organisms that gain nutrients by decomposing organic molecules from their surroundings • Plantae (Plants) – multicellular organisms that produce organic molecules via photosynthesis. (They produce their own nutrients) • Animalia (Animals) –multicellular organisms that gain their nutrients via ingesting other organisms for food.

  3. Biological system of classification • Carl Linnaeus (1707-78) developed the biological system of classification • Organisms are classified into groups with common characteristics (appearance) • A group or species is called a taxon and is given a Latin name • The system is a hierarchy with specified levels or ranks with species as the smallest unit

  4. Biological system of classification The rank order of taxa used for plants is: example: Blue Gum KingdomPlantae PhylumMagnoliophyta ClassMagnoliopsida OrderMyrtales FAMILYMyrtaceae SubfamilyLeptospermoideae GENUSEucalyptus SPECIESE. globulus Hybrids, subspecies, varieties etc.

  5. Plant names • The ‘scientific’ or ‘botanical’ name of each kind of organism consists of two parts based on the smallest ranks in the biological system – genus and species • The genus is the generic name and always starts with a capital letter • The species is called an epithet and always starts in lower case • Plants may be from different genus but share the same epithet. E.g. Eucalyptus gunnii and Nothofagus gunnii

  6. Plant names • The scientific name is followed by an abbreviation of the name of the original author of the plants name (E.g. F Muell. means it was named by Baron Ferdinand Von Mueller) • Common names are not governed by any rules and therefore a species can have more than one common name • Example of a Weed Alert species • State Prohibited Weed • genus is Eichhornia • species is crassipes • common name is Water Hyacinth

  7. Activity Plant Naming

  8. Major plant groups The Plantae kingdom is divided into; non-vascular plants (liverworts and mosses) spore bearing vascular plants (ferns, clubmosses and horsetails) seed bearingvascular plants (cycads, conifers and other gymnosperms Allflowering plants)

  9. Non-vascular plants • Non-vascular plants, do not have vascular tissue and include; • Algae • Bryophytes; - liverworts - hornworts - mosses • They do not have roots, stems or leaves Moss (Bryophyta) Hornwort

  10. Spore-bearing vascular plants • Have vascular tissue • Produce spores, not seeds • Have no flowers • Include; • ferns • horsetails(State Prohibited Weed) • club mosses Horsetails Equisetum species

  11. Spore-bearing vascular plants • Equisetum (Horsetail)

  12. Seed-bearing vascular plants • Gymnosperms – seeds are unenclosed on the scales of a cone or similar structure • cycads • conifers • NOT palms these are Angiosperms

  13. Seed-bearing vascular plants • Angiosperms (flowering plants) classified into two major groups • Monocotyledons (Monocots) are mainly non-woody plants with • flower parts are in threes (3, 6, 9 etc) • parallel leaf veins • vascular bundles scattered in the stem • an embryo with one seed leaf (cotyledon) • a fibrous root system • includes grasses, lilies, grass trees, kangaroo paws, orchids, palms Photo: D Greig Bear-skin fescue

  14. Angiosperms – flowering plants • Dicotyledons (Dicots) are either woody or herbaceous with • flower parts in fours or fives • net like leaf venation • vascular bundles in a ring • an embryo with two seed leaves (cotyledons) • a tap like root system • includes magnolias, buttercups, daisies, roses, peas, acacias, banksias and eucalypts

  15. Angiosperms – flowering plants

  16. Activity Plant Classes

  17. Common plant families • There are many plant families each with their own similar characteristics • If you can recognise some of these characteristics then it can help you identify a plant • Some common families include: • Asteraceae • Poaceae • Fabaceae • Rosaceae ASTERACEAE FABACEAE

  18. ASTERACEAE – daisy family • Flowers that are clusters of smaller flowers • They are successful weeds because • many flowers in one is a successful reproductive strategy • they set a lot of seed • they have successful dispersal mechanisms such as wind (fluffy seed) • they are either annuals or biennials so can reproduce quickly • Includes daisies, thistles and everlastings Black knapweed Centaurea nigra State Prohibited Weed

  19. ASTERACEAE • Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum)

  20. POACEAE – grass family • A big family, with over 600 genera • Flowers are small, and sit together with two enclosing bracts known as florets • One or more florets make a spikelet • They are successful weeds as • they are wind pollinated • they set lots of seeds • many are annuals and can set seed in a short season Lobed needle grass Nassella charruana State Prohibited Weed

  21. FABACEAE – pea family • Flowers are distinctive with 5 petals • Fruit is always a pod that is dry at maturity and splits along both sides to release the seeds • The leaves are simple or compound usually with stipules • Includes herbs, shrubs, trees and climbers White Spanish Broom Cytisus multiflorus Victorian Alert Weed Acacia seed pods

  22. FABACEAE – pea family • Flowers consist of 5 petals • 1 Standard • 2 Wing • 2 Keel • Stamens are in the Keel Photo: M D Crisp

  23. ROSACEAE • 100-200 genera • Mostly diagnosed by the fruit structure • Small fruit (blackberry, strawberries etc.) • Fruit with 5 capsules/cores (apples, pears etc.) • Fruit as a single drupe (peaches, plums etc.) • Can spread by canes (blackberry) or by birds or foxes eating the fruit or seed

  24. Key words • Genus – groups of species that have similar characteristics • Species – basic category of classification, related individuals that can breed within themselves • Non-vascular – lacking vascular tissue (for example; water transport vessels) • Gymnosperms – a plant with seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary • Angiosperms – flowering plants (largest phylum of living plants) • Monocots – flowering plants that have a single seed leaf (cotyledon) • Dicots – flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) • Florets – a small or reduced flower, usually enclosed in bracts (as in grasses) • Spikelets – a spike made up of one or more florets • Stipules – small appendages at the base of a leaf stalk • Stamens – pollen bearing part of a flower • Simple – has one main leaf, may have lobes but they do not reach the main vein • Compound – compound leaf has many leaflets coming off the main vein

  25. Questions?

  26. Acknowledgements Information sourced from: Knox, Ladiges and Evens, 1994. Biology McGraw-Hill Book Company Environmental weed training notes 2002, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Victoria Line drawings by Kristy Roche, DPI Thank you for participating

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