Observation Description Analysis Explanation Prediction

1. Observation Description Analysis Explanation Prediction Turning (dis)connected ideas into an interesting story

2. The nature of landscape (A)ny landscape is an artifact - an object made by man. Its condition, rightly seen, reveals a society's culture as directly as does a novel or a newspaper or a Fourth of July oration because today's environment, the "natural part included, is synthetic (Roderick Nash The American Environment: Readings in the History of Conservation, 1968 ix) (A)ny landscape is an artifact - an object made by man. Its condition, rightly seen, Our human landscape is our unwitting autobiography, reflecting our tastes, or aspirations, and even our fears, in tangible, visible form.... All our cultural warts and blemishes are there, and our glories too; but above all, our ordinary day-to-day qualities are exhibited for anybody who wants to find them and knows how to look for them (Peirce Lewis "Axioms for reading the landscape, some Guides to the American Scene" in Donald Meinig (ed) Interpretations of Ordinary Landscapes (New York, Oxford University Press, 1979 23)

3. A Paradigm for Landscape Activities Goods Service Artifacts Legislation Regulation Judicial Opinions Organization of Space Organization of Behavior Law Public Policy Landscape Evaluation Economic indices Contingent value

4. Deconstructing Public Policy – Law Lobbying Congress Legislative Mandate Lobbying Legislation Agency Regulation Courts LAW

5. Finding Information in a Digital age Organizing the Web? – A Personal Approach

6. Card Catalogs

7. Knowledge Management (KM) • “Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it” (Samuel Johnson) • “Intelligence is not the ability to store information but the ability to find it” (Albert Einstein) • Information Technology – helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information Office of Information Technology (UMN)

8. Knowledge Management (KM) • “Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it” (Samuel Johnson) • “Intelligence is not the ability to store information but the ability to find it” (Albert Einstein) • Information Technology – helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information Office of Information Technology (UMN) • Acquiring, Accessing – computers can only partially help • Managing – computers can only partially help • Digesting – computers can’t help • Incorporating information into your work – computers can’t help

9. Some General Readings • Google <term> • Knowledge Management (Gene Bellinger) • Journal of Knowledge Management • Data Mining (Kurt Thearling) • A Paradigm for Understanding the Internet (James Vaughn, Kennedy School of Government) • Navigating the World Wide Web (The Help Web) • The History of Computers and the Internet (The Help Web) • Born Digital (Ricky Erway, OCLC Research)

10. Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s • The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) was an automated control system for tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft used by NORAD from the late 1950s into the 1980s • In later versions, the system could automatically direct aircraft to an interception by sending instructions directly to the aircraft's autopilot • In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology • Funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that it produced was called the ARPANET • The network spread beyond academic and military institutions and is now known as the Internet • Initially these facilities were available primarily to those in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies, computer networking become almost ubiquitous

11. "The World-Wide Web (W3) was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common project” • The Web comprises interlinked hypertext documents contained on the Internet • With a web browser – Netscape, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome - anyone can view web pages containing text, images, videos, or multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks • The number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally • A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information • "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments • Intranets

12. Deep Web Research 2011 (Marcus Zillman, The Virtual Private Library) • The best portals only find a small fraction of the information about a particular topic on the Internet • Deep Web Research (Marcus Zillman, LLRX.com) • What is the "Invisible Web", a.k.a. the "Deep Web"? (U California, Berkley) • Research Tips for Paralegals: Utilizing the Deep Web (Jenny Blake, Associated Content from Yahoo) • Using the Deep Web: A How-To Guide for IT Professionals (Steven R Grichawka, TechDeepWeb.com) • Invisible or Deep Web (U. C. Berkely)

13. Cloud Computing • Location-independent computing, allowing linked servers to provide software and data to computers and other devices on demand

14. Squires, R.H. and A.P.Holder, "The use of computers in the presentation of pollen data" New Phytologist vol. 69 (1970) 875-882 • Hill, A.G. and R.H.Squires, "Graphs drawn by computer" Area vol.4 (1970) 48-52 • IBM 1130 main frame, batch mode, Fortran IV language, paper tape

15. Research in the Electronic World • The World Wide Web contains two types of electronic information • Reference information, which will refer you to material that may or may not be electronic and will describe where it may be found – on a shelf in a particular library or in an electronic version of a journal article • Digital information, which may or may not be accurate, timely, or relevant to your research (web as a digital repository) • One way of accessing these materials is via a portal, such as Google • Another way is using a more restricted portal, such as University of Minnesota Libraries • Search the Web more efficiently (LLRX.com)

16. The Web is not disorganized; it is organized by hardware, remote hosts or servers, to which you have access, and local hosts, the computers used by individuals, corporations, and governments to compile information to be placed on servers The content of the Web is organized by the individuals, corporations, and governments that compile the information

17. Google <gas consumption off road vehicles> • Environmental Protection Agency • Transportation and Air Quality • Transportation and Climate • Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation • US Department of Energy • Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy • Vehicle Technologies Program • Fact of the Week

18. Wilderness Google <wilderness> 34,400,000 pages Google Scholar <wilderness> 482,000 pages Google Books <wilderness> 130,554 books USA.gov <wilderness> 2,140,000 records <wilderness act>  734,000 records <BWCAW> 24,600 University of Minnesota Libraries <wilderness> 4,976 records JStor <wilderness> 73,591 records J Stor General Sciences2,450 records ProQuest Congressional <wilderness> 2,261 LexisNexis Academic <wilderness> Search the news >3,000 Law review articles >3,000 Minnesota Public Radio 498 records Minneapolis Star Tribune 235 records Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 970 records

19. General Principles • Skills used for finding information in the non-digital world are the same as those used for finding information in the digital world • The skills which you all develop as users of libraries containing printed material will stand you in good stead • The electronic medium involves a new technology, therefore it requires some different mechanical skill • However,  it does not require different intellectual skills • If you are deficient in using "traditional" libraries, you will be deficient in using the web

20. General Principles • Skills used for finding information in the non-digital world are the same as those used for finding information in the digital world • The skills which you all develop as users of libraries containing printed material will stand you in good stead • The electronic medium involves a new technology, therefore it requires some different mechanical skill • However,  it does not require different intellectual skills • If you are deficient in using "traditional" libraries, you will be deficient in using the web • You can, however, kinda ignore the nuances of the Library of Congress Classification system or the older Dewey Decimal Classification system for cataloging books although they are still used as a way of organizing books on shelves SuDoc Numbers, SIC

21. Digital Libraries – digital images of printed booksNon-profit • Open Library: 20 million user-contributed items in multiple editions and formats • Internet Archive: Millions of primarily rare, out-of-print works in multiple languages and formats especially useful for academic work • Project Gutenberg: 33,000 free e-books, including all of the classics • Hathitrust Digital Library, an international community of research libraries collecting, organizing, preserving, communicating, and sharing the record of human knowledge • Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) • Avalon Project (Yale Law School) • Library of Congress • J-Stor a not–for–profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive of over one thousand academic journals and other scholarly content

22. Social Science Research Network • Committed to the rapid worldwide dissemination of social science research • Composed of a number of specialized research networks in each of the social sciences

23. Digital Libraries – digital images of printed books Commercial Publishers • Google Books • Wiley Online Library • American Legal Publishing: Online Library • EBSCOhost (University of Minnesota Libraries) • ProQuest Congressional • LexisNexis Academic

24. Government Printing Office (GPO) • Established in 1813 • Provides publishing & dissemination services for the official government publications to Congress, Federal agencies, Federal depository libraries, & the American public • In 1993, Congress passed Public Law 103-40, “The U.S. Government Printing Office Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act,” expanding GPO's mission to provide electronic access to Federal electronic information • In June 1994, GPO launched GPO Access providing online access to information from all three branches of the Federal Government • 2011 the next generation of Government information online with GPO's Federal Digital System (FDsys) (<wilderness> 2264 hits!) • Federal Depository Library Program

25. Digital Libraries – digital information • USA.gov • Science.gov • FoodSafety.gov • Regulations.gov

26. Searching the World Wide Web • Browsing the entire web using a portal, gateway, search engine, or directory is very inefficient, albeit fascinating, like browsing in a library • You should start by searching a restricted part of the web, perhaps one with which you are familiar and one in which you have a high degree of confidence of finding relevant and valuable material • Problem, is of course, you have to be able to identify the organization that is relevant • Use Google to do an initial search?

27. A good place to start might be the sources from which you get your usual information • Star Tribune • Wall Street Journal • Electronic versions of journals – Time, The Economist • Minnesota Public Radio • NBC • WCCO • Rush Limbaugh • Rachel Maddow (MSNBC)

28. Or a Database LexisNexis Academic ProQuest Congressional ProQuest Statistical HeinOnline Legal Information Institute (Cornell University) Journals NatureScienceScienceDirectScientific American

29. Nonprofit Organizations – All have biases • The Cato Institute • The American Enterprise Institute • Common Cause • The Wilderness Society • American Farmland Trust • The Constitution Society • National Pork Producers Council • California Avocado Commission

30. Or Sources specializing in Governmental Affairs • CQPress • CQ Weekly Online • The CQ Researcher • National Journal Titles

31. Be wary of all sites especially created by individuals, even a group of individuals with few “controls” on the content – look at the date – if there is one • The University of Minnesota • The Department of Geography • Rod’s page

32. Evaluating Internet Resources • Evaluating Web Pages (University of California, Berkeley) • Do not forget, virtually anyone can place material on the Web • One way to evaluate information found on the Web is to consider the source of the information • Domain names may be an important characteristic • One type of information is information that has already been published in a different medium • Such information may have already gone through some sort of peer review • Under this category come the journal articles that can be found in libraries and online • These material are usually outdated and will not be updated

33. Questions to ask • Who created the site? • What organization? • When was the site created? • What was the last update? • How well can you identify who wrote the site material? • What credentials does the author of the site material offer you to justify his/her authority? • Are references given? • Are links given? • How long and with what kind of continuity has the site been maintained? • Does the material on the site take into account other perspectives?

34. Citing sources • All references in the text should be made by using endnotes • Electronically Published Information • Source or author • URL - the electronic location • Date last updated • Date visited • Text Publications - choose a style and stick with it • The Chicago Manual of Style Online • Style Manuals and Citation Guides (University of Minnesota) • If the electronic information is a digital version of a written publication • then give a reference to the written publication • only give a reference to the url if it is stable 

35. Browsers • A software application for accessing and transmitting information resources on the World Wide Web (Wikipedia) • An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) – URL • May be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content • Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily find related resources • Firefox • Internet Explorer • Google Chrome

36. Google Google Chrome • News • Images • Maps • Scholar • Books Press Center How Google Works Google Blog Directory Google Guide; making searching easier Google Tutor’s Google Search Manual • Teaching Library Internet Workshops (U.C Berkeley) • Search the Web more efficiently (Daniel Bazac) • Finding Web Sites: Introduction (University of Minnesota Libraries)

37. A Research Problem • Sources of Information • Strategies to access • Strategies for managing – sources and information

38. Wilderness Research • USA.gov<wilderness act>   21,667  <wilderness> 43,535 • Google <wilderness> 34,400,000 English pages • University of Minnesota Libraries <wilderness> 4687 records • LexisNexis Academic <wilderness act> 450 law review articles <wilderness> >1,000 • JStor <wilderness> 30,453 articles

39. Research in the Electronic World • The World Wide Web contains two types of electronic information • Reference information – information which will direct you to material that may or may not be electronic – access to material stored in various buildings • Factual information, that gives you the necessary digital information about a particular subject and that may or may not be accurate, timely, or relevant to your research - access to digital material stored on various computers • Increasingly web sites – pages with specific URL – are doing both • University of Minnesota Libraries

40. Cooperation between Universities and Commercial Publishers • ProQuest • University of Minnesota Libraries • ProQuest Newspapers • ProQuest historical newspapers. Minneapolis Tribune • Digital Sanborn maps, 1867-1970. Minnesota • Periodicals index online • Dissertations & Theses

42. University of Minnesota Libraries • Sticks - texts - books, journals, and maps • B. Clicks - electronic databases • Indexes collections of databases, including journals, statistics, and images • JStor • LexisNexis Academic • E-journals – the full text articles which may or may not also appear in print • Government Information Quarterly • Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers • Annals of the Association of American Geographers • Statistics – data services

43. Blackwell's Synergy  (Blackwell Publishing) Cambridge University Press Journals Ecological Society of America Environment and Planning Harper's Weekly Hein Online Ingenta Interscience (Wiley) JStor Kluwer Online National Journal Titles NatureOxford University PressScienceScienceDirect including Academic Press (Elsevier) Scientific American ArchivesSociety of American ForestersUniversity of Chicago Press Electronic Journal Collection at UMN

44. University of Minnesota Libraries • Images • Minnesota Digital Library • Distinct parts of Wilson Library • Government Document Library • Information Resources (CourseLib) • John R. Borchert Map Library • Links to other libraries • Law Library • Forestry Library • Archives and Special Collections

45. Citing Government information Sources (University of Nevada, Reno) • Writing Guide: Conducting Electronic Research (Colorado State University) • Writing for the Web (useit.com: Jakob Nielsen's Website) • Writing for the Web: A Primer for Librarians (Eric H Schnell)

46. Federal Government Information • USA.gov: The U.S. Government's Official Web Portal • FedWorld.gov (Department of Commerce) • GPO Access Home Page (Government Printing Office)

47. Legislative Materials • Official • Thomas (Library of Congress) • FDsys (Government Printing Office) • U.S. House of Representatives • U.S. Senate • Federal Legislative Branch (USA.gov) • Unofficial • Commercial • HeinOnline • ProQuest Congressional • FindLaw.com • Nonprofit • Legal Information Institute

48. Congressional Research Service • Legislative branch agency in the Library of Congress • works exclusively for the United States Congress, providing policy and legal analysis to committees and Members of both the House and Senate, regardless of party affiliation • areas of research • Open CRS • CRS Reports (collected by Stanford University) • CRS Reports (National Council for Science and Environment) • CRS Reports (ProQuest Congressional) • CRS Reports (The National Agricultural Law Center)

49. Executive Materials • Official • The White House • FDsys (Government Printing Office) • Federal Executive Branch (USA.gov) • National Archives • Unofficial • Commercial • HeinOnline • ProQuest Congressional • FindLaw.com • Nonprofit • Legal Information Institute

50. Judicial Information • Official • United State Courts • Federal Judicial Branch (USA.gov) • U.S. Judiciary (Library of Congress) • Supreme Court • Unofficial • Commercial • HeinOnline • Proquest Congressional • Findlaw • Justia • Nonprofit • Oyez (Chicago-Kent College of Law) • Legal Information Institute