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You Asked for it…..

You Asked for it…. Biology REVIEW. 1. Blue unit (SM and STERNGRR) 2. Orange Unit ( Biochem ) 3. Purple unit (cells) 4. Green Unit – Transport/Photosynthesis/Cell Resp 5.Yellow Unit – DNA/Protein Synthesis 6. White Unit – Biotech 7. Light Blue Unit – Mitosis/Meiosis

mary-kirkland
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You Asked for it…..

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  1. You Asked for it….. Biology REVIEW

  2. 1. Blue unit (SM and STERNGRR) • 2. Orange Unit (Biochem) • 3. Purple unit (cells) • 4. Green Unit – Transport/Photosynthesis/Cell Resp • 5.Yellow Unit – DNA/Protein Synthesis • 6. White Unit – Biotech • 7. Light Blue Unit – Mitosis/Meiosis • 8. Pink Unit – Genetics • 9. Gold Unit – Evolution Classification • 10. Yellow/white unit – Ecology, plants, animal behavior, Human Impact Warm up • Sit in your assigned seat for test day • Take out a #2 pencil and your binder • Is your binder organized? 

  3. Warm Up • Sit in same seats as yesterday! • Take out your portfolios and be ready to work on finishing your final exam! ALL students will be getting them back and working on them • Biology portfolios

  4. BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM • Once you have a scantron in front of you, there is absolutely NO TALKING until the last person finishes the test • On your scantron, write your name, BIOLOGY for subject, 1/10/13 for date, period, and COLOR OF YOUR TEST (blue or white) for test number • GOOD LUCK – 85%!!

  5. WARM UP -Take out EOC review packet from yesterday (the one we didn’t really start) -Pick up paper from front -Remind Ms. S to return your EOC holiday tests

  6. When you are done: MAKE SURE YOU HAVE EVIDENCE OF 5 COMPLETED ITEMS FOR EACH • 1. Blue unit (SM and STERNGRR) • 2. Orange Unit (Biochem) • 3. Purple unit (cells) • 4. Green Unit – Transport/Photosynthesis/Cell Resp • 5.Yellow Unit – DNA/Protein Synthesis • 6. White Unit – Biotech • 7. Light Blue Unit – Mitosis/Meiosis • 8. Pink Unit – Genetics • 9. Gold Unit – Evolution Classification • 10. Yellow/white unit – Ecology, plants, animal behavior, Human Impact

  7. FIND SOMEONE WHO Cannot have another student give you more then 4 answers. All signatures go on left of questions. First 5 people finished get candy! 8 Minutes for this activity

  8. Updates FINAL EXAM TOMORROW!!!!!! EOC MONDAY – 1st block, TUESDAY 3rd block No more make up work or tests will be accepted after 2:30 pm today!

  9. biomolecules

  10. CELLS PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC Eukaryotic cells have their DNA surrounded by a membrane.  (They have a nucleus).  Two examples shown are plant cells and animal cells, but fungi and protists are also eukaryotic Notice, plants have chloroplasts (for photosynthesis) and cell walls made of cellulose. Animal cells don't have these parts.  Also, plant cells have a larger vacuole for storage.  Both plants and animals have mitochondria to make ATP. All eukaryotic cells have ribosomes to make protein These cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. • Prokaryotic cells have DNA and ribosomes, but they have no internal membranes! (They don't have a nucleus) • They have ribosomes to make proteins • These are the simplest cells • Examples are bacteria, like those that cause strep throat.

  11. CELL MEMBRANE • The plasma membrane surrounds EVERY cell. • It is made of lipid and protein • It controls what goes in and out of a cell. • Associated with HOMEOSTASIS

  12. CELL TRANSPORT

  13. Enzymes are specific for reactions speed up reactions bind to substrate at active site are reusable are not changed in the reaction are made of PROTEIN

  14. Photosynthesis and Respiration Converts sunlight to chemical energy Converts energy in food (glucose) to ATP Cellular Respiration Takes place in mitochondrion Releases the energy stored in glucose AKA aerobic respiration (NEEDS oxygen)

  15. AEROBIC vsAnAEROBIC RESPIRATION AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Does not use oxygen Makes only 2 ATP Small amount of ATP Also called fermentation YEASTS make ethyl alcohol BACTERIA and MUSCLECELLS (w/o O2) make LACTIC ACID Happens in cytoplasm (cytosol) • Requires oxygen • Makes A LOT of ATP • Produces carbon dioxide and water • Happens in mitochondrion

  16. AtpcYCLE CLICK THE ICON FOR SOUND

  17. Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Adds genetic variation Involves meiosis and fertilization TWO parents involved Diploid and haploid cells • Creates identical copies (clones) • Only involves MITOSIS • ONE parent involved • Common in bacteria and unicellular protists

  18. Mitosis and Meiosis mitosis Meiosis Two divisions 2n  n Half the number of chromosomes Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploid cells Forms gametes (egg and sperm) • One division • 2n  2n • (same number of chromosomes) • Results in 2 genetically identical cells

  19. DNA • DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. • A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate and one of four bases • In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G • DNA’s shape is a double helix • The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds • A binds to T • C binds with G

  20. DNA Replication • Process of DNA copying itself • Steps • DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break) • Each side acts as a template • New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing rules • Two new molecules of DNA result – each with one old and one new strand. • Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)

  21. Protein Synthesis • Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the nucleus • Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making  a protein • In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus • mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome • In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the proper order to make the protein on the ribosome. DNA mRNA  protein Made of amino acids

  22. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  23. Can you IDENTIFY the parts? • DNA • mRNA • Nucleus • Cytoplasm • Ribosome • Codon • Anticodon • tRNA • Amino acid • Protein (polypeptide)

  24. READING THE CODON CHART • Be sure to use mRNA • You won’t have to memorize this! • What amino acid is coded for by the DNA ATA GAG First convert DNA to mRNA ATA GAGUAU CUC UAU = tyr CUC = Leu

  25. Genetics This diagram shows the cross between 2 heterozygous purple flowers Cross is: Bb x Bb Notice that 75% are purple and 25% white We have two genes for each trait – this is our GENOTYPE One gene came from mom, one from dad If the genes are alike, the individual is homozygous (RR, rr) If the genes are different , they are heterozygous (Rr) Some genes are dominant and others are recessive We only show a recessive trait if we have no dominant gene RR and Rr would “look” dominant rr would look recessive

  26. Sex Linkage Females are XX Males are XY Sex-linked traits are on X chromosome Trait is more common in MALES Examples are colorblindness and hemophilia (blood fails to clot) • Males give X chromosomes to their daughters and Y’s to their sons • Moms give X’s to both daughters and sons

  27. CODOMINANCE – BLOOD TYPE • Four blood types • A, B, AB, O Three different alleles: A, B or neither A = AA or AO B = BB or BO AB = AB O = OO Agglutinogen = protein

  28. PEDIGREES Tracing traits through generations • Males are squares • Females are circles • Horizontal line means married • Vertical line means children • Filled in circle means the individual HAS the condition • Can you identify the genotypes of individuals 4, 7, 12? 4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e) 7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have one e) 12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)

  29. XY = male KARYOTYPE A chart showing arrangement of chromosomes • In humans, 22 pair of autosomes • 1 pair of sex chromosomes • XX = female • XY = male • Extra chromosomes a result of non-disjunction • Chromosome pairs fail to separate in meiosis • One example is DOWN SYNDROME (extra 21) • Another example is KLINEFELTERS (XXY) 3 21’s = Down Syndrome

  30. GENETIC TECHNOLOGY TRANSGENIC organisms DNA FINGERPRINTING Use gel electrophoresis to compare DNA fragments IF DNA matches, it’s from the same individual • Organisms that have 2 different kinds of DNA • Gene cloning • Uses bacteria to make human proteins like insulin Evidence points to suspect 2

  31. EVOLUTION – change over time EVIDENCE Natural Selection Credited to Charles Darwin Organisms in populations have variations that can be passed from generation to generation More organisms born that environment can support Organisms compete for resources Those organisms with favorable variations have more babies and the population evolves • Fossil evidence • Fossils found in sedimentary rock • Lower level fossils are older and more PRIMITIVE • We can compare fossils to modern organisms • Similar structure suggests common ancestor • Biochemical evidence • DNA and protein similarities suggest common ancestor

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