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Bellringer -April 21, 2014

Bellringer -April 21, 2014. FILL IN THE LETTERS. H. Biology Ms. Kim. Overview of Cellular Respiration. Light energy. ECOSYSTEM. Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Organic molecules. CO 2 + H 2 O. + O 2. Cellular respiration in mitochondria. ATP. powers most cellular work . Heat energy.

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Bellringer -April 21, 2014

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  1. Bellringer-April 21, 2014 FILL IN THE LETTERS

  2. H. BiologyMs.Kim Overview of Cellular Respiration

  3. Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesisin chloroplasts Organicmolecules CO2 + H2O + O2 Cellular respirationin mitochondria ATP powers most cellular work Heatenergy Energy Flows into ecosystems as sunlight and leaves as heat http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_7/

  4. Carbon Cycle

  5. Reminder…. • Anabolic pathways (“A” for add together) • Build molecules from simpler ones (ex: photosynthesis) • Consume energy (endergonic) • Catabolic pathways (“C” for cut in parts) • Break down complex molecules into simpler compounds (ex: cell respiration) • Release energy (exergonic)

  6. Cellular respiration • Most efficient catabolic pathway • Consumes O2 and organic molecules (ex: glucose) • Yields ATP To keep working cells must regenerate ATP

  7. Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels • The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic • One catabolic process, fermentation • Is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen • Another example is cellular respiration

  8. Cellular respiration • Occurs in mitochondria • similar to combustion of gas in an engine after O2 is mixed with hydrocarbon fuel. • Food = fuel for respiration. • The exhaust =CO2 and H2O. The overall process is: organic compounds + O2  CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP + heat) • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as the fuel, but most useful is glucose.

  9. Mitochondria • Powerhouse of the cell! • The organelle responsible • for cellular respiration • The Krebs Cycle and ETC • take place here  ATP is • produced here! • It is a double membrane • with the inner membrane • highly folded (to increase • the surface area and • make the mitochondria • more efficient). Intermembrane Space

  10. Mitochondrion Structure

  11. Mitochondrion Structure • Outer membrane – similar to plasma membrane; contains integral proteins • Inner membrane- NOT permeable to ions (needs help to cross); there is a membrane potential across the inner membrane; contains ATP synthase • Cristae – large surface area due to folding • Matrix- gel-like in middle or lumen; many contains enzymes for cellular respiration

  12. RECALL…Redox Reactions • Catabolic pathways yield energy • Due to the transfer of electrons • Redox reactions • Transfer e-’s from one reactant to another by oxidation and reduction • In oxidation • Substance loses e-s (it’s oxidized) • In reduction • Substance receives e-s(it’s reduced)

  13. becomes oxidized(loses electron) Na + Cl Na+ + Cl– becomes reduced(gains electron) Examples of redox reactions Xe- + Y  X + Ye- **energy must be added to remove e- X = e- donor = reducing agentand reduces Y. Y = e- recipient = oxidizing agentand oxidizes X.

  14. becomes oxidized C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy becomes reduced Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration • During cellular respiration • Glucose is oxidized • oxygenis reduced • E-’s lose potential energy  energy is released http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/cellresp/ets_flash.html

  15. 2 e– + 2 H+ 2 e– + H+ NAD+ NADH H Dehydrogenase O O H H Reduction of NAD+ + + 2[H] C NH2 NH2 C (from food) Oxidation of NADH N N+ Nicotinamide(reduced form) Nicotinamide(oxidized form) CH2 O O O O– P O H H OH O O– HO P NH2 HO CH2 O N N H N H N O H H HO OH Figure 9.4 Electrons are not transferred directly to oxygen but are passed first to a coenzyme called NAD+ or FAD NAD+ and FAD= e- acceptor and oxidating agent

  16. 2 H + 1/2 O2 (from food via NADH) Controlled release of energy for synthesis ofATP 2 H+ + 2 e– ATP ATP Free energy, G Electron transport chain ATP 2 e– 1/2 O2 2 H+ H2O Electron Flow = (b) Cellular respiration food  NADH/FADH2 ETC  oxygen

  17. Cellular Respiration – Background info • Equation – C6H12O6  +  6O2  →  6CO2  +  6 H2O  +  36 or 38 ATP • When food is broken down, energy is released gradually and stored in ATP. • Respiration is done by BOTH plants and animals

  18. The Stages of Cellular Respiration • Respiration is a cumulative process of 3 metabolic stages 1. Glycolysis 2.Kreb’s Cycle (The citric acid cycle) 3. Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative phosphorylation)

  19. The 3 Stages • Glycolysis • Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate • Makes NADH • Kreb’s Cycle (Citric acid cycle) • Completes the breakdown of glucose • Makes NADH and FADH2 • Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative phosphorylation) • Driven by the electron transport chain • Generates ATP

  20. General overview – Cellular Respiration • 1.Glycolysis: • In the cytosol • Anaerobic • Turns glucose to 2 pyruvate  net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH • 2. Krebs: • In the mitochondrial matrix • Makes little ATP, NADH, and FADH2 (electron taxis) • Passes e- to ETC 3. ETC→ uses chemiosmosis to make LOTS of ATP

  21. Exit Slip-April 21, 2014 • Draw a cycle of the ecosystem between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • Include the following: photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, light energy, heat energy, oxygen, glucose, water, and ATP.

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