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Ch. 5 - Macromolecules

Ch. 5 - Macromolecules. Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids. H 2 O. HO. H. HO. H. HO. H . Polymers.

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Ch. 5 - Macromolecules

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  1. Ch. 5 - Macromolecules • Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules • macromolecules • 4 major classes of macromolecules: • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids

  2. H2O HO H HO H HO H Polymers • Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain (polymerization) • monomers • building blocks • repeated small units • covalent bonds Dehydration synthesis

  3. H2O HO H enzyme H HO H HO How to break down a polymer • Digestion • use H2O to breakdown polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis • cleave off one monomer at a time • H2O is split into H+ and OH– • H+ & OH– attach to ends • requires enzymes Hydrolysis Digestion

  4. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates energymolecules

  5. sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O • Function: • energy • energy storage • structural materials • Monomer: simple sugars= glucose, fructose, galactose (CH2O)x C6H12O6

  6. Numbered carbons C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C C 3' 2'

  7. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose Simple & complex sugars • Monosaccharides • simple 1 monomer sugars • These link to form: • Disaccharides • 2 monomers • sucrose • Polysaccharides • large chains of monosaccharides • Starch, glycogen

  8. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage

  9. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose (table sugar)

  10. Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars • costs little energy to build • easily reversible = release energy • Function: • energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) • in liver & muscles • structure • cellulose (plants) • chitin (arthropods & fungi)

  11. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose • isomers of glucose • structure determines function…

  12. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

  13. Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth • herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose • most carnivores have not • that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = undigestible roughage • Cell walls of plants!!

  14. Chitin, a different structural polysaccharide CH2OH O OH H H OH H OH H H NH O C CH3 (b) Chitin forms the exo- skeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emerging in adult form. It is also found in Fungal Cell Walls. (a) The structure of the chitin monomer. (c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals.

  15. Cow can digest cellulose well, with the help of bacteria in gut, no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

  16. 1. Which of the following is a polymer? • Carbon atoms • Simple sugar (aka monosaccharide) • Glucose • Cellulose • Deoxyribose • 2. Starch and Glycogen both: • I. Serve as energy storage for organisms • II.Provide structure and support • III. Are structural isomers of glucose • I only • II only • I and II only • I and III only • I, II, and III

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