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Chapter 5 Macromolecules

Chapter 5 Macromolecules. What is a Macromolecule?. Giant molecule Consists of thousands of atoms Carbs , Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids 3 of the 4 macromolecules are polymers Polymer is a long molecule composed of similar or identical building blocks Monomer Building block of a polymer.

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Chapter 5 Macromolecules

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  1. Chapter 5Macromolecules

  2. What is a Macromolecule? • Giant molecule • Consists of thousands of atoms • Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids • 3 of the 4 macromolecules are polymers • Polymer is a long molecule composed of similar or identical building blocks • Monomer • Building block of a polymer

  3. Macromolecules

  4.  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Nucleic Acids  Proteins

  5. Macromolecules

  6. Questions? • What is a macromolecule? • Name all of the macromolecules. • Is there any difference between polymers and macromolecules? Why? • What is the relationship between monomer and polymer? Why?

  7. Let’s Build a Polymer • Dehydration reaction • Removal of water from molecules • Also called Condensation reaction • Synthesis reaction • Building a complex molecule from simpler components

  8. Polymer Animation • 05_02Polymers_A.swf

  9. Polymerization has many names • Polysaccharide • Glycosidic linkage • Monosaccharide + monosaccharide • Polypeptide • Peptide bond • Amino acid + amino acid • Polynucleotide • ???? bond • Nucelotide + nucleotide

  10. Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

  11. Build up or Break Down • Dehydration Synthesis • Builds a polymer from monomers (Synthesis) • Involves the removal of water (Dehydration or Condensation) • Hydrolysis • Uses water to break the covalent linkages • Splits apart polymers • Reverse of dehydration synthesis

  12. Some Questions 1. Which macromolecule is not a polymer? Why? 2. What bond type forms from dehydration synthesis? Why? 3. Peptide bonds & glycosidic linkages are what types of bonds? Why? 4. What is the name of the type of reactions that break apart polymers? Why? 5. You eat a steak, a protein rich food, what type of reactions will begin to take place in the stomach? Why? 6. Do you need to drink water with that steak? Why?

  13. Carbohydrates

  14. Carbohydrates • Sugars (Monosaccharides) • Monomer of polysaccharide • Disaccharides • 2 Monosaccharide • Glycosidic Linkage • Polymers of sugars (Polysaccharides) • Macromolecule • Starch, Glycogen - Energy • Cellulose, Chitin - Structure

  15. More Animations • 05_05Disaccharides_A.swf • 05_07Polysaccharides_A.swf

  16. Let’s play with some models…

  17. Proteins

  18. Proteins • Polymers composed of amino acids • Protein = Polypeptide (polymer) • Monomer = Amino acids • Peptide bonds • Amino acid • Amine Group (NH2) • Basic • Carboxylic Acid Group (COOH) • Acidic

  19. Protein Functions

  20. 4 Levels of Protein Structure • Primary level • Sequence of amino acids • Polar covalent bonds link the amino acids • Only level that doesn’t use hydrogen bonds • Secondary • Hydrogen bonding between amino acid side groups • The sequence of amino acids converts into 1 of 2 forms • α-helix • β-pleated sheets

  21. 1’ and 2’ Levels Protein Structure

  22. 1’ & 2’ Animations • 05_21aPrimaryStructure.swf • 05_21bSecondaryStructure.swf

  23. 3’ & 4’ Structure • Tertiary • 3D shape of a polypeptide • Many types of bonds/interactions between side groups • Disulfide bridges are most significant here • Quaternary • 2 or more polypeptides (subunits) of a protein • Not found in all proteins • Same bonds/interactions as tertiary level

  24. Tertiary & Quaternary Levels

  25. 3’ & 4’ Animations • 05_21cTertiaryStructure.swf • 05_21dQuaternaryStructure.swf • Animation-03-01.swf

  26. Protein Denaturation

  27. Protein Denaturation • Denaturation • Protein unravels and loses its native conformation • Structure & Function • Change in the protein’s structure = loss of function • Denaturation occurs: • Organic solvent • Any chemical that disrupts the tertiary structure • Heat (excessive)

  28. Chaperonins • Proteins that assist the proper folding of other proteins • Provide stable, insulated environment for polypeptide to achieve the correct conformation

  29. Moar Questions • Name the bonds in primary protein structure? • What bonds hold together secondary structure? • What about tertiary level? Quaternary? • Which level of protein structure is NOT found in all proteins? • What is the name of a protein’s monomer? • What is the name of a protein’s polymeric form? • What are the 2 functional groups on an Amino Acid?

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