Unit 2: The Age of Exploration and the Atlantic World (1400 – 1800)

1. Unit 2: The Age of Exploration and the Atlantic World (1400 – 1800) Lesson 2: Spain Builds and American Empire

2. The Voyages of Columbus • Aug. 3 – Oct. 12,1492 • Landed in the Bahamas (San Salvador) and claimed them for Spain. • He called the Taino “los indios” or indians. • Early 1493 he returned to Spain; he made three more voyages by 1503 and carried soldiers and citizens to begin colonization.

3. Other Explorers’ Discoveries • 1500 – Pedro Cabral (Portugal) claims Brazil. • 1501 – Amerigo Vespucci (Portugal) explores N.E. Brazil (1507 America named for him by German mapmaker) • 1510-1513 – Vasco Balboa (Spain) – Through Panama and was first to see Pacific Ocean. • 1513 – Ponce de Leon (Spain) explored Florida.

4. Ferdinand Magellan Goes Around the World • 1519-1522 – Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese for Spain) – Sailed around the world. • 5 Ships and 268 men. • Disease and starvation devastated the crew. • Magellan was killed in the Philippines. • Only 18 men survived to complete the journey. • The Ballad of Magellan

5. Bell Ringer – Who’s Left Out? • Thus far we’ve learned about 9 Explorers? • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco DaGama • ______ • Pedro Cabral • ______ • Vasco Balboa • Ponce de Leon • Ferdinand Magellan • Hernando Cortez

6. Spain Conquers Mexico (1519) • Hernando Cortez landed in Mexico looking for wealth. • He was the first conquistador or “conqueror.” • He led a force of 600 men & 16 horses to Tenochtitlan – the Aztec capital city - after several weeks of marching.

7. How did Cortez Defeat the Aztecs? • Montezuma II believed Cortez was a god (1519 – The Year of Quetzalcoatl). • Surprise attack in 1520 during a festival (Aztecs countered and drove him back). • Cortez built alliances with tribes that hated harsh Aztec customs. • Spain had superior weaponry. • Diseases – smallpox, measles, & mumps – 24 million died by 1605!

8. Spain Conquers Peru (South America) • 1532 – Francisco Pizarro and 200 ambushed the Incas & captured Atahualpa their ruler. • He paid ransom of 1 room full of gold & 2 with silver (24 tons) but they killed him anyway. • The Incas were in the midst of a civil war. • 1533 – Pizarro captured Cuzco, the capital, without a fight.

9. Other Spanish Conquests • The Spanish also conquered the Mayans in the Yucatan of Mexico. • Francisco Coronado (1540-41) explored the SW U.S. & discovered the Grand Canyon. He found little gold and priests were assigned to colonize the new lands which became New Mexico (TX, AZ, NM, OK, & KN). • Santa Fe, NM was the first Christian mission in the SW.

10. Organization of the Spanish Empire • 5 Provinces (New Spain & Peru were most important) ruled by a viceroy appt. by the King of Spain, but Council of Indies met in Spain and made laws. • Encomiendas – grants that allowed peninsulares(Sp. Settlers) to tax and/or force Indians to labor. They promised fair treatment, but many were abused and worked to death in mines & on farms. • Because most peninsulares were male mixed marriages became common and yielded many mestizos.

11. African Slavery and Native Resistance • Spanish priests like Bartolome de Las Casasspoke out against harsh treatment of Indians in Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies. Encomienda system abolished in 1542. • Las Casas ironically did endorse African slavery instead of Indian slavery. • The Portuguese in Brazil found little gold & silver and grew sugar instead. They used African slaves to clear forests and harvest the cane.