Why did the Ottoman Empire Create Reforms?

2. Why did the Ottoman Empire Create Reforms? • To unite all it’s subject as citizens of the Ottoman Empire versus being allowed to live under controlled religious areas. • This would make their country stable and more competitive economically instead of torn apart.

3. Reforms in the Ottoman Empire • Napoleonic Wars of 1798-1799 of Ottoman Empire’s Egypt inspired a drive for change in the Ottoman Empire. • Sultan issues a Decree in 1839 • Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane • Attempted to recognize the Empire’s administration and military along European lines. • This decree leads to the reorganization of the Ottoman Empire

4. Reforms were drawn up by administrative councils and not by the Sultan. • Reforms liberalized the economy. • Ended tax practice of Tax farming. • Eliminate Corruption. • Hatt –i- Sharif • Extended Civic Equality to Ottoman Subjects regardless of their religion. • Christians, Muslims and Jews were equal before the law • Muslims could enter into commercial agreements with non-Muslims.

5. Hatti-i-Hümayun 1856 • Was a result of the Crimean War • Britain and France influenced this reform A. It listed the rights non-Muslims more clearly. • Equal obligation to serve in military with Muslims • Equal opportunity for state employment. • Equal opportunity for admission to state schools. • Abolished torture • Allowed some foreigners to acquire some form of property B. The Ottoman Empire sought to copy European legal and military institutes, there secular values influenced by liberalism

6. A. The ottoman Empire Passed Reforms • They didn’t want nationalism to influence their Christian subjects. • Broke Down the Millet system (system in which different religions could rule themselves) • O.E. Sought to define all it’s citizens as Ottoman Empire Subjects versus members of different religious communities.

7. A. Putting the Reforms into practice was difficult. B. Many regions were already independent of Istanbul. • Egypt • Tunis • They carried out their own modern reforms working closely with Western European powers. C. The Capital of Istanbul • Power Struggles • Courtiers • European-oriented administrators • Army officers • Merchants who prospered from change • Ulema: People who sought to maintain the rule of Islamic law. • Growing Nationalism A. O.E. failed to achieve genuine political strength and stability.

8. B. Many people questioned the Tanzimat : (The Policy that would unite all people as the Ottoman Empire) • People felt that replacing long-standing Islamic (Muslim) institutions with European ones would lead to disasters.

9. Balkan Wars 1870s • Resulted in the Independence of European areas of the Ottoman Empire • Russian dominance over areas of European Ottoman Empire. • Austrian dominance over areas of European Ottoman Empire. • Demonstrated the inability of the Ottoman Empire to master it’s own destiny.

10. Map of the Ottoman Empire

11. Responses to Defeats • Greater efforts to modernize the army and economy • Build Railways and telegraphs. • Constitution was created. • It was supposed to demonstrate European strength.

12. Constitution • Called for Parliament • Elected Chamber of Deputies (HOR) • Appointed Senate (Senate) • However, the Sultans Powers is left intact. Really didn’t have to share power. • New Sultan • Limits steps towards Constitutionalism • Dismissed Parliament

13. More Reform • 1908 Military officers officers carried out a revolution against the Sultan. • Young Turks who come up with an alternative plan to modernize the O.E. • They were still in change when they entered WWI. • WWI Lead to the Empires Defeat and Collapse. • 1839-1914 • Modernization of the O.E. included Secularizing the Government. • Sought less to questions the Islamic foundations of society • Than to reduce the influence of the Muslim religion

14. The End 1. Explain why the Ottoman Empire created reforms.