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Mid-19c European Nationalism. Humanities Department. The Crimean War 1854-1856. The Crimean War appeared to be a war in which Russian Czar Nicholas I wished to protect the Greek Orthodox Church in the Ottoman Empire.
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Mid-19c European Nationalism Humanities Department
The Crimean War 1854-1856 The Crimean War appeared to be a war in which Russian Czar Nicholas I wished to protect the Greek Orthodox Church in the Ottoman Empire. Upon further analysis, however, it becomes evident that the czar had other motives for his actions. Among these motives, the following were the strongest: • He was anxious to possess a warm water port for trade. • He wanted to control Constantinople as a preliminary move in the conquest of India. • He wanted to ward off any possible uprisings that might stir up his already restless subjects, cause them to revolt against him, and eventually unseat him as czar.
The Crimean War con’t • The war began as a battle between the Turks and the Russians. • The British became involved shortly after Czar Nicholas suggested to Lord George Seymour that Russia and Britain dismantle and share the Ottoman territory. • But which side would the British enter on?
The Crimean War con’t • Seymour did not agree to the czar’s proposal since it would be a potential threat to British naval interests in the Black Sea area if the Russians took control of the Dardanelles. Dardanelles
The Crimean War con’t • British leaders were divided on the issue of how to settle the matter of the Eastern question. Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen and Foreign Secretary Lord Clarendon believed that the settlement could be a peaceful one, whereby Russia and Britain would sit down with the other nations involved and reach a settlement.
The Crimean War con’t • The majority of the British people, however, sided with Lord Palmerston, a former Foreign Secretary who felt that the only answer to Russian force was British force. • The press in Great Britain helped the campaign by reminding readers how much they loved Ottoman culture and how deep their anti-Russian feelings ran. • This pressure, coupled with the Russians’ declaration of war on the Ottomans in October 1853, increased the British pro-war sentiment.
The Crimean War [1854-1856] Russia[claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia The Crimean War (October 1853 – February 1856) was a conflict between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The war was part of a long-running contest between major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire.
The Crimean War con’t • In March 1854, both Britain and France declared war on Russia. • Britain entered to preserve her trade line and to keep Russia from spreading its territorial holdings. • France entered primarily to endure that if any territorial changes took place, she would have a part in the process.
The Crimean War con’t • The loss of life was great during this war. • The largest single loss of life was most probably the Battle of Balaklava, more commonly known as the Charge of the Lights Brigade, made famous by Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s poem. • During this battle, a misunderstanding of orders sent six hundred British soldiers charging into the deadly fire of Russian artillery.
The Charge of the Light Brigade:The Battle of Balaklava [1854] Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred… A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson To learn more about Tennyson click here: http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/tennyson/tennybio.html
The Crimean War con’t • In addition to deaths sustained in battle, many lives were lost due to an outbreak of cholera. • The war lasted about two and a half years, and casualties were estimated at two hundred and fifty thousand. • Russia was defeated when the British captured the Russian port of Sevastopol.
Florence Nightingale [1820-1910] http://www.who2.com/bio/florence-nightingale “The Lady with the Lamp”
Peace Negotiations: Treaty of Paris • In Paris on February 25, 1856 • Did not • lead to significant territorial changes • require Russia to pay reparations • Did • guarantee the independence of the Ottoman Empire with freedom from Russian intervention on any level. • provisions guaranteeing autonomy to Wallachia and Moldavia (present-day Romania). • the waters and ports of the Black Sea were to remain neutral an open to all nations.
Treaty of Paris [1856] • No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea. • All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Let’s see if you learned anything… • What reason did Czar Nicholas I give for initiating a war with the Turks? • What were his real, underlying motives? • Was all of Britain in favor of going to war with Russia? • What did Britain have to lose in this struggle? • Why did France enter the war? • What was the tragedy of the Battle of Balaklava? • What were the results of the Treaty of Paris?
Italian Unification
Divisions in Italy Provinces • Sprang from the inspiration given by the French Revolution’s ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. • Intellectuals and Middle Class sought to free the peninsula from foreign control. • Spanish Bourbons – kingdoms of Naples and Sicily • Austrian Empire (Hapsburg Princes) – Lombardy, Venetia and indirect control of Modera, Lucca, Parma, and Tuscany • Only the Papal States, which were controlled by the Pope, and the kingdom of Sardinia, which included Nice, Savoy, and Piedmont, were not controlled by foreign governments.
Italian Nationalist Leaders King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Garibaldi[The “Sword”] Giuseppi Mazzini[The “Heart”] Count Cavour[The “Head”]
Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections:1820-1821 “Coalmen.”
Giuseppe Mazzini • Planted the first seeds of revolution • Carbonari (Society of Coal Burners) • Naples and Turin (1820 & 1821) • Unsuccessful due to lack of organization and support • 1831, founded a group known as Young Italy to correct the weakness of the Carbonari (not much more successful) • Effective speaker for Il Risorgimento “the resurgence” – Roman national pride • Giuseppe Garibaldi influential follower Giuseppi Mazzini[The “Heart”]
Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?
Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet” Italian unification movement:Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]
Major Contenders:Who would be the controlling force of a united Italy? • Piedmont: Charles Albert • Papal States: Pope Pius IX
Revolution of 1848 • Sicily forced the Bourbons to grant a constitution • Charles Albert granted a constitution to Piedmont and joined in the effort to fight off foreign control • When victory for Italy seemed inevitable, the Papal States withdrew, refusing to war with another Roman Catholic country • This action caused all of the other territories to withdraw as well, leaving Charles Albert alone to be defeated by Austria • Italian Nationalists, upset, ran Pope Pius IX out of Rome. • However, Louis Napoleon sent armies to restore Rome to the Pope’s control Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?
Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858 What “deals” are made here?
Count Camillo Cavour • Advisor to Charles Albert and his son Victor Emmanuel II • Master of ‘realpolitik’ • German origin that means practical or sometimes politics. • 1858, meet secretly with Napoleon III • France promised to aid Piedmont in the battle to drive out Austria • Napoleon III pulled out of war a few months in due to pressure from the Catholics. He called for an armistice with Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria. Results • Lombardy to Piedmont • Venetia remained under Austrian control • Unification would be under Papal States
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War,1866 Austria loses control of Venetia. Venetia is annexed to Italy.
Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Franco-Prussian War Italy is united!
A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871 What problems still remain for Italy?
Problems in the Kingdom of Italy 1871 • Language • A centralized government • Equity between the wealthy north and the impoverished south • Transportation • Social reforms
German Unification
Zollverein: German Customs Union • Prussian goals: • as a political tool to eliminate Austrian influence in Germany; • as a way to improve the economies; • and to strengthen Germany against potential French aggression while reducing the economic independence of smaller states
Key Players
Kaiser Wilhelm I • House of Hohenzollern • Under his leadership and his Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire
Helmut von Moltke • German Field Marshal • He is regarded as one of the great strategists of the latter 19th century, and the creator of a new, more modern method of directing armies in the field. • Austro-Prussian War • Franco-Prussian War
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck The “IronChancellor” Realpolitik “Blood&Iron”
Otto von Bismarck . . . . The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.
Otto von Bismarck . . . . I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.
Step #1: The Danish War[1864] The Peace ofVienna
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Prussia Austria
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain. Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
