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Secure Glazing Solutions for Safety and Protection

Learn about threats to glazing in buildings, including ballistic, forced-entry, and natural disasters. Understand test methods, standards, and selecting glazing products for specifications. Enhance knowledge on safety film applied glass and laminated polycarbonates.

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Secure Glazing Solutions for Safety and Protection

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  1. The Glass Association of North America is a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned upon completion of this program will be reported to CES records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available upon request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

  2. Learning Objectives • Understanding threats to glazing in buildings • Ballistic, forced entry, burglar-resistant, natural disasters including hurricanes and earthquake, bomb-blast, fire • Defining test methods and standards • Selecting glazing for product specifications • Defining glazing products and their performance and characteristics • All glass laminates • Glass clad polycarbonate • Safety film applied glass • Laminated polycarbonate • Acrylics

  3. The Threat • Ballistic • Forced-Entry • Natural Disaster • Blast

  4. Ballistic and Forced-Entry Applications

  5. Test Methods For Ballistic and Forced-Entry Glazing Products • ASTM F1233 Standard Test Method for Security Glazing Materials and Systems • ASTM F1915 Standard Test Methods for Glazing for Detention Facilities • H.P. White Laboratories HPW-TP-0500.02 Transparent Materials for Use in Forced Entry or Containment Barriers • National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standard 0108.01 Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials • UL 752 Ratings of Bullet-Resistant Materials • UL 972 Burglar-Resisting Material • Walker –McGough-Foltz& Lyerla (WMFL) 30 & 60 Minute Retention - Ballistics and Forced Entry Test Procedure

  6. Glazing Types forBallistic and Forced-Entry Applications • All-Glass Laminates • Glass Clad Polycarbonates • Safety Film Applied Glass • Laminated Polycarbonates • Acrylics

  7. All-Glass Laminates • Durable glass surfaces that resist abrasion • Minimum 2-ply glass with .060” interlayer laminate provides burglar resistance • Multi-ply all-glass laminate for ballistics • Not recommended for prolonged physical-attack resistance

  8. Glass Clad Polycarbonates • Glass on both sides of a polycarbonate core provides heat, chemical & abrasion resistance • Physical-attack resistance provided by polycarbonate core • Multi-ply polycarbonates provides higher level of forced entry protection • Frequently used in detention facilities

  9. Safety Film Applied Glass • 0.002” to 0.015” thick and are constructed of single-layer, multi-layer or micro-layer polyester films • Safety film edges are adhesively or mechanically secured to the window glazing frame • Physical-attack resistance provided by laminating safety film to glass surface • Safety film on protected side provides spall retention and limited forced entry protection

  10. Asymmetrical Glass & Polycarbonate Laminates • Laminates used for ballistics protection • Glass on attack side provides durability and abrasion resistance • Polycarbonate on protected side provides spall retention and limited forced entry protection

  11. Laminated Polycarbonates • Higher level of physical attack resistance • Doesn’t break or shatter • Ballistic protection with no spalling • Hard coat on polycarbonate surface helps to protect against abrasion

  12. Specifying Ballistic and/orForced-Entry Glazing • Is attack and/or ballistic protection required? • What security level(s) is required? • Is a glass-faced product or an exposed plastic surface preferred?

  13. Forced Entry Video

  14. Natural Disasters Wind Borne Debris - Seismic

  15. Building Codes & Standards • International Building Code Section 1609 – Wind Loads Section 1626 – High-Velocity Hurricane Zone-Impact Test for Windborne Debris • Florida Building Code Section 1609 – Wind Loads • Both building codes reference the ASTM standards • ASTM E 1886 - Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials • ASTM E 1996 - Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes

  16. Sample Wind Speed Map

  17. Key Differences in Test Procedures • FBC - HVHZ • Large Missile - 2 impacts per glazing • 1/16” x 5” max opening/no penetration • Impact on the mullion or cross bar • Small missile for ALL floors 30 ft. above grade level • ASTM E1886/1996 • Large Missile - 1 impact per glazing in Wind Zone 3 and 2 impacts per glazing in Wind Zone 4. • 3” sphere cannot freely pass through any opening • No impact of the mullion • Small missile from 30 – 60 ft.

  18. Design Pressure / Wind Load • Dependent on codes and standards FBC, IBC, IRC • The design pressure is calculated using ASCE-7 – Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. • Will vary for each project –can be as high as 200 psf (approximately 280 mph)

  19. Missile Impact Tests • Small Missile • Level A is 10, two gram steel ball bearings at 130 ft/sec (88mph) • Large Missile • Level B is a 2 lb 2 x 4 at 50 ft/sec • Level C is a 4.5 lb. 2 x 4 at 40 ft/sec • Level D is a 9 lb. 2 x 4 at a speed of 50 ft/sec (34mph) • Level E is a 9 lb 2 x 4 at 80 ft/sec (50 mph)

  20. Impact Video

  21. Cyclic Wind Pressure Test Outward Negative Pressure Inward Positive Pressure Range Cycles 0.2 Pmax – 0.5 Pmax 3500 0.0 Pmax – 0.6 Pmax 300 0.5 Pmax – 0.8 Pmax 600 0.3 Pmax – 1.0 Pmax 100 Range Cycles 0.3 Pmax – 1.0 Pmax 50 0.5 Pmax – 0.8 Pmax 1050 0.0 Pmax – 0.6 Pmax 50 0.2 Pmax – 0.5 Pmax 3350

  22. Cycling Video

  23. Pass / Fail Criteria • Florida Building Code • 3 of 4 maximum size systems required to pass • Qualifies smaller sizes without re-testing • 1/16” x 5” tear (High Velocity Hurricane Zone) • A system which passes large missile qualifies small missile • International Building Code • 3” sphere cannot freely pass thorough opening • NOTE: Both of these reference ASTM • Substitution criteria in E 1996 - Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes

  24. Glazing Types for Natural Disaster / Windstorm Applications • Laminated Glass • Many different interlayers tested for small and large missile impact performance • Check with system manufacturer • Review test report for details of interlayer type and thickness • Safety Film Applied Glass • Many different types of safety films and thicknesses with different levels of performance • Consult with film manufacturer for performance levels and ratings of their films

  25. Design Considerations • Determine applicable building code • Design pressure / wind load • Large missile or small missile • Maximum glass size • System type – curtain wall, storefront, operable windows, doors, skylights

  26. Seismic Performance

  27. Seismic Performance • Window systems can be designed for dynamic racking • Laminated glass and safety film applied glass provide protection from falling glass • Laminated glass and safety film applied glass provide security and a weather barrier, even if broken • Annealed or heat-strengthened laminates preferred over tempered laminates for glass retention after breakage

  28. Testing Windows for Dynamic Racking • AAMA 501.4 Recommended Static Test Method for Evaluating Curtain Wall and Storefront Systems Subjected to Seismic and Wind Induced Interstory Drifts • AAMA 501.6 Recommended Dynamic Test Method for Determining the Seismic Drift Causing Glass Fallout from a Wall System • Laboratory test method

  29. Testing Highlights • AAMA 501.4 • Static test method • AAMA 501.6 • Dynamic test method • Individual fully glazed test specimens mounted on dynamic racking test apparatus • Test apparatus moves back and forth in sinusoidal motions at gradually and progressively higher racking amplitudes • Racking amplitudes where glass falls out is recorded

  30. Blast Mitigation

  31. Blast Mitigating Glazing • Reduces injury from flying glass resulting from direct blast shock waves • Helps to maintain the integrity of the building envelope following an explosion • Reduces interior damage

  32. Test Standards / Specifications • Government • General Services Administration (GSA) • Standard Test Method for Glazing and Window Systems • Department of Defense (DoD) • UFC 4-010-01 DoD Minimum Anti-Terrorism Standard for Buildings • Department of State (DoS) • Commercial Building Industry • ASTM F1642 Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings • Project Specific Requirements

  33. Classification and Performance Levels • GSA • Level C Building: 4 psi / 28 psi*msec • Level D Building: 10 psi / 89 psi*msec • DoD • Minimum ¼” Laminated Glass for Windows less than 32 sq.ft. • Typical testing: 6 psi / 41 psi*msec • DoS • Classified, Confidential • Higher Blast Levels (40 psi +)

  34. Methods of Evaluation • Blast Test Methods • Arena Test: Actual Blast Event • Shock Tube Test • Software Simulation Programs • WinGard • AtBlast • 3DBlast • Blast Resistant Glazing Design • ASTM F2248 Standard Practice For Specifying An Equivalent 3-second Duration Design Loading For Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated With Laminated Glass

  35. Testing Methodologies • Arena Testing • Many different glass sizes and systems can be tested simultaneously • No limit on size • True blast event with negative pressure • Weather restrictions • Shock Tube • Single Lite per test • Size limited • May only produce positive pressure test • Reproducible shock

  36. Negative Phase Typical Blast Wave Incident (Side-on) Overpressure • Detonation • Enormous amount of energy released • Fireball & hot gas quickly expands • Shock wave propagates • Dramatic increase in pressure • Sharp decline in pressure • Return to ambient Overpressure (psi) Positive Phase 0.0 Time (milliseconds)

  37. Blast Video

  38. Blast Injury Hazard Classification High Hazard - No Protection 1 5 2 4 Low - Medium Hazard- Low- Medium Protection Low Hazard - High Protection 2 ft (0.6 m) 3a 3b 3.3 ft (1 m) 10 ft (3 m)

  39. Design Considerations • Blast Parameters Affecting Glazing • Peak overpressure • Impulse (duration) • Other Blast Considerations • Minimize flying glass • Retain glass system in opening • Install laminated glass inboard in insulating glass unit (IGU)

  40. Glazing Types for Blast Mitigation Monolithic Interlayer Laminates: • Annealed Glass • 0.030” Interlayer • 0.060” Interlayer • Heat-Strengthened Glass • Higher initial break • Classification performance similar to annealed glass • Fully Tempered Glass • Attachment is critical Safety Film Applied Glass: • Consult with film manufacturer for level of blast protection and ratings for specific safety film types and glass combinations • Attachment of safety film to frame is critical

  41. Specifying Blast Resistant Glazing Necessary Information • Peak overpressure - psi • Impulse - psi*msec • Duration - msec or • TNT load equivalent • Standoff distance • Site altitude • Height of glazing above blast

  42. Fire-Rated Glazing Two types of fire-rated glass: • Fire protection: The period of time that an opening protective assembly will maintain the ability to confine flame and hot gasses as determined by tests • Fire resistance: The period of time a building element, component or assembly maintains the ability to confine a fire, continues to perform a given function, or both, as determined by tests

  43. Fire-Rated Glazing Glass that blocks smoke and flames but does not stop radiant heat transfer Glass that blocks radiant heat in addition to flames and smoke

  44. Fire-Rated Glazing Types • Traditional wired glass • Glass breaks, but wires hold it in place, preserving barrier to fire • For decades, the only solution that could pass fire test • Institutional aesthetic, limiting design and visibility • No impact safety rating • Fire-rated glass ceramic • Clear and wireless • Larger sizes at same rating as wired glass • Can be filmed or laminated to meet impact safety requirements (Cat. I and II) • Fire-rated up to 3 hours with required hose stream test • UL classified and labeled

  45. Fire-Rated Glazing Types • Fire-rated, impact safety-rated transparent wall panels • Clear and wireless • Barrier to radiant heat • Impact safety-rated – meets ANSI Z97.1 and CPSC 16CFR1201 (Cat. I and II) • Available with Level III bullet resistance rating • Fire-rated up to 2 hours with required hose stream test • UL classified and labeled

  46. Tests and Standards • Fire protective • NFPA 257 – Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies • NFPA 252 – Standard Methods of Fire Test of Door Assemblies • Tests for glazing in windows and doors • Fire endurance test • Hose stream test (except for 20 minute applications)

  47. Tests and Standards • Fire resistive • ASTM E119 – Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Building Constructions and Materials • Tests for glazing in walls • Fire endurance test • Hose stream test • Radiant heat test

  48. Protecting Against Multiple Threats Additional Features • Acoustical Performance • Aesthetics • Energy • Solar Performance • UV Protection

  49. Industry Resources American Architectural Manufacturers Association www.aamanet.org ASTM International www.astm.com Department of Defense (DoD) https://pdc.usace.army.mil Department of State (DoS)www.statedeparment.gov Florida Building Code www.floridabuildingcode.org Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance www.igmaonline.org Glass Association of North Americawww.glasswebsite.com General Services Administration www.gsa.gov Miami-Dade County www.miamidade.gov/buildingcode/ pc-search_app.asp National Glass Association www.glass.org Protective Glazing Council www.protectiveglazing.org

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